Measurements of public-key signature systems on one machine: amd64; Bulldozer (600f20); 2012 AMD FX-8350; 4 x 4000MHz; saber214, supercop-20240625
[Page version: 20240726 23:45:48]
eBATS
(ECRYPT Benchmarking
of Asymmetric Systems)
is a project
to measure the performance of public-key systems.
This page presents benchmark results collected in eBATS
for public-key signature systems:
- Time (cycles) to generate a key pair:
a secret key and a corresponding public key.
- Time to sign a short message (59 bytes).
- Time to open a signed short message,
i.e., to verify a (larger) signed message and recover the original short message.
- Space (bytes) for a secret key.
- Space for a public key.
- Space for a signature on a 0-byte message.
- Space for a signature on a 23-byte message:
i.e.,
the signed-message length minus 23 bytes.
- Space for a signature on a long message:
i.e.,
the signed-message length minus the message length.
For signature systems that support "message recovery",
the space for a signature on a long message
is shorter than the space for a signature on a short message.
Each table row lists
the first quartile of many speed measurements,
the median of many speed measurements,
the third quartile of many speed measurements, and
the name of the primitive.
Measurements with large variance are indicated in red with question marks.
The symbol
T:
(starting with supercop-20200816)
means that the SUPERCOP database
at the time of benchmarking did not list constant time
as a goal for this implementation.
The symbol
T!!!
means that constant time was listed as a goal for this implementation,
but that the implementation failed TIMECOP.
(TIMECOP failures are not necessarily security issues;
they can sometimes be resolved by, e.g., declaring that a rejection-sampling condition is safe to declassify.)
There is a
separate page
with more information about each signature system and each implementation.
Designers and implementors
interested in submitting new signature systems
and new implementations of existing signature systems
should read the call for submissions.
Implementation notes
Graphs:
(pkcycles,pkbytes)
(smcycles,sbytes)
(mcycles,pkbytes)
(mcycles,sbytes)
(pkbytes,sbytes)
NISTPQC graphs:
(pkcycles,pkbytes)
(smcycles,sbytes)
(mcycles,pkbytes)
(mcycles,sbytes)
(pkbytes,sbytes)
Measurement failures: ntrumls401x, ntrumls439x, ntrumls593x, ntrumls743x, qtesla128, qtesla192, qtesla256
Cycles to generate a key pair |
25% | 50% | 75% | system |
6403 | 6444 | 6498 | picnicl1full |
6420 | 6487 | 6569 | picnic3l1 |
8953 | 9009 | 9067 | picnic3l3 |
9017 | 9045 | 9089 | picnicl3full |
11633 | 11786 | 11898 | picnicl5full |
11845 | 11900 | 11985 | picnic3l5 |
15418 | 15545 | 15773 | T: picnic2l1fs |
17526 | 17561 | 17605 | picnicl1ur |
17554 | 17588 | 17617 | picnicl1fs |
28864 | 28925 | 29050 | T: picnic2l3fs |
33171 | 33251 | 33308 | picnicl3ur |
33583 | 33673 | 33751 | picnicl3fs |
36683 | 36746 | 36852 | T: picnic2l5fs |
44666 | 44823 | 45414 | picnicl5fs |
44935 | 45071 | 45210 | picnicl5ur |
95030 | 95223 | 95491 | ed25519 |
357111 | 357737 | 358022 | T: ed448goldilocks |
432411 | 434409 | 436862 | T: pass769 |
470951 | 471795 | 478751 | dilithium2 |
504270 | 506128 | 509574 | T: pass863 |
872901 | 874610 | 878005 | dilithium3 |
1102006 | 1105608 | 1119149 | dilithium2aes |
1121897 | 1122054 | 1122594 | T: sphincsf128harakasimple |
1283060 | 1286490 | 1287449 | T: mqdss48 |
1345163 | 1346051 | 1349626 | dilithium5 |
1417412 | 1418130 | 1419253 | T: sphincsf128harakarobust |
1650122 | 1650911 | 1652122 | T: sphincsf192harakasimple |
1931852 | 1950535 | 1978974 | T: donald2048 |
2103617 | 2104023 | 2105687 | T: sphincsf192harakarobust |
978943? | 2141977? | 4692845? | haetae2 |
2044901 | 2146548 | 2166924 | dilithium3aes |
1434158? | 2472454? | 3135507? | T: qtesla1 |
3028571 | 3030706 | 3044231 | T: mqdss64 |
3402369 | 3627868 | 3643391 | dilithium5aes |
2440248? | 3664895? | 6678422? | haetae5 |
2427817? | 4646170? | 7612433? | haetae3 |
4903996 | 4904972 | 4945340 | T: sphincsf256harakasimple |
6121499 | 6144290 | 6185669 | T: sphincsf256harakarobust |
4226928? | 6194816? | 8186988? | T: qtesla3f |
6375668? | 8476993? | 12921172? | T: qtesla3s |
7951549? | 9709067? | 10872648? | T: qtesla1p |
10677966 | 10740673 | 10889813 | T: sphincsf128shake256simple |
15652949 | 15692681 | 15723892 | T: sphincsf192shake256simple |
16187479 | 16206817 | 16244669 | T: sphincs256 |
20124318 | 20165252 | 20243969 | T: sphincsf128shake256robust |
23393908 | 23481491 | 23656243 | T: luov4849242 |
29625182 | 29678281 | 29748307 | T: sphincsf192shake256robust |
33650969 | 33744967 | 33870664 | T: luov863256 |
34886073 | 35122424 | 35473580 | T: rainbow1acyclicc363232 |
35400321 | 35529394 | 35770057 | T: rainbow1aclassic363232 |
35558200 | 35715624 | 35924229 | T: rainbow1acompres363232 |
36027415 | 36045862 | 36097137 | T: sphincss128harakasimple |
36100973? | 38589626? | 49019054? | T: falcon512dyn |
36458920? | 40534351? | 49833429? | T: falcon512tree |
41454870 | 41473658 | 41548340 | T: sphincsf256shake256simple |
45239117 | 45255639 | 45275462 | T: sphincss128harakarobust |
52598567 | 52622598 | 52648157 | T: sphincss192harakasimple |
44867169? | 56396116? | 68010875? | T: qtesla3p |
66929390 | 66950007 | 66983981 | T: sphincss192harakarobust |
77060266 | 77166037 | 77344180 | T: luov6468330 |
78089363 | 78138151 | 78187415 | T: sphincsf256shake256robust |
78522183 | 78556798 | 78661905 | T: sphincss256harakasimple |
97815695 | 97854780 | 97889720 | T: sphincss256harakarobust |
109048960 | 109090883 | 109175553 | T: gemss128 |
109416507 | 109481182 | 109565966 | T: redgemss128 |
110564530 | 110618769 | 110734940 | T: bluegemss128 |
113535720 | 113591480 | 113684691 | T: gemss128v2 |
107546412 | 114102869 | 127289237 | T: falcon1024tree |
114130611 | 114481505 | 114615093 | T: bluegemss128v2 |
109596030 | 119593702 | 133494967 | T: falcon1024dyn |
123405838 | 123483784 | 123545392 | T: redgemss128v2 |
127823843 | 128062157 | 128337880 | T: luov890351 |
143698629 | 143908425 | 144041246 | T: luov8086399 |
184062329 | 185458135 | 191371348 | mqsignlr2567246 |
203844437 | 204927465 | 207056259 | T: rainbow3cclassic683248 |
214199524 | 214626838 | 215439509 | T: rainbow3ccompres683248 |
213706269 | 215804307 | 217784774 | T: rainbow3ccyclicc683248 |
221284950 | 221632461 | 221836720 | T: luov8117404 |
252742285 | 253034084 | 253586595 | mqsignrr2567246 |
342341405 | 342439303 | 342520218 | T: sphincss128shake256simple |
499034637 | 499351953 | 510348649 | T: sphincss192shake256simple |
565107195 | 565875501 | 572020107 | T: redgemss192v2 |
566464812 | 567250065 | 576144046 | T: redgemss192 |
572292720 | 576253336 | 577863740 | T: gemss192v2 |
575606009 | 578069077 | 583007889 | T: bluegemss192v2 |
592178936 | 593236356 | 597529628 | T: bluegemss192 |
589648861 | 594849129 | 601780773 | T: rainbow5cclassic963664 |
597837633 | 599976659 | 603158140 | T: rainbow5ccyclicc963664 |
596620039 | 600903830 | 604655960 | T: gemss192 |
616497893 | 619205995 | 629255108 | T: rainbow5ccompres963664 |
642155333 | 642852953 | 643815536 | T: sphincss128shake256robust |
664718437 | 665288757 | 674205245 | T: sphincss256shake256simple |
674613200 | 675169907 | 676352852 | mqsignlr25611272 |
942590810 | 943203632 | 944854717 | mqsignrr25611272 |
945308807 | 946246109 | 947845572 | T: sphincss192shake256robust |
1242650099 | 1245564946 | 1245843031 | T: sphincss256shake256robust |
1581233885 | 1585401350 | 1587374025 | mqsignlr25614896 |
1820038980 | 1844431319 | 1846790363 | T: redgemss256 |
1899601780 | 1901245182 | 1922379739 | T: bluegemss256 |
1902303159 | 1904101906 | 1905714023 | T: bluegemss256v2 |
1939804061 | 1944301338 | 1947393092 | T: gemss256 |
1982983419 | 1983109190 | 1983305840 | T: gravitysphincss |
1996711267 | 2000576669 | 2015226568 | T: redgemss256v2 |
2011418915 | 2019655857 | 2022562131 | T: gemss256v2 |
2192399695 | 2194065494 | 2194782461 | mqsignrr25614896 |
7321726174 | 7535818785 | 7707971841 | T: pqrsa15 |
30489603633 | 30492072693 | 30498861117 | T: gravitysphincsl |
61018929229 | 61040838286 | 61053624446 | T: gravitysphincsm |
|
Cycles to sign 59 bytes |
25% | 50% | 75% | system |
104460 | 105044 | 105165 | ed25519 |
225792 | 227680 | 240550 | T: rainbow1acyclicc363232 |
228753 | 229644 | 230392 | T: rainbow1aclassic363232 |
367388 | 369446 | 369704 | T: ed448goldilocks |
589816? | 615418? | 1179146? | T: pass863 |
862927 | 868844 | 888297 | T: rainbow3cclassic683248 |
495733? | 870321? | 1492963? | T: qtesla3f |
870898 | 882271 | 887512 | T: rainbow3ccyclicc683248 |
446570? | 908133? | 1415024? | T: qtesla1 |
992062 | 994076 | 996585 | mqsignlr2567246 |
505905? | 1004644? | 1490547? | T: pass769 |
1067411 | 1080073 | 1093876 | T: falcon512tree |
951231? | 1619899? | 2816058? | T: qtesla1p |
1691692 | 1713403 | 1727309 | T: falcon512dyn |
1803434 | 1814233 | 1825758 | T: rainbow5cclassic963664 |
1848786 | 1856852 | 1869829 | mqsignrr2567246 |
1418737? | 1927319? | 2750083? | dilithium2 |
1929348 | 1945338 | 1969460 | T: donald2048 |
2045686 | 2081911 | 2097393 | T: rainbow5ccyclicc963664 |
2173426 | 2190613 | 2201763 | T: falcon1024tree |
1656935? | 2239207? | 3249217? | dilithium2aes |
1571334? | 2374173? | 4713921? | dilithium3 |
1491957? | 2473791? | 3822066? | T: qtesla3s |
2522708 | 2530087 | 2568533 | mqsignlr25611272 |
2416541? | 3463757? | 6396459? | dilithium5 |
3488025 | 3506046 | 3523764 | T: falcon1024dyn |
2598087? | 3797003? | 8515396? | haetae2 |
4271029 | 4290039 | 4328747 | mqsignrr25611272 |
3496638? | 4343702? | 6546474? | dilithium3aes |
5076524 | 5098343 | 5135472 | mqsignlr25614896 |
4041066? | 6013516? | 11577219? | haetae3 |
4253969? | 6525347? | 9598174? | T: qtesla3p |
6637212 | 6651633 | 6661265 | picnicl1full |
4612888? | 6887158? | 9236009? | dilithium5aes |
2958234? | 7096321? | 15656779? | haetae5 |
7940228 | 7968028 | 7995631 | mqsignrr25614896 |
7815148? | 9360788? | 10992590? | T: redgemss128 |
10665412 | 10744322 | 10807833 | T: luov863256 |
9197196? | 10783263? | 13161997? | T: redgemss128v2 |
11574773 | 11602678 | 11610580 | picnicl1fs |
12722254 | 12745051 | 12889496 | picnicl3full |
13745917 | 13759003 | 13768905 | picnicl1ur |
15369436 | 15540641 | 15648899 | T: gravitysphincss |
21129495 | 21157949 | 21187673 | picnicl5full |
21174233? | 25475453? | 31019500? | T: redgemss192v2 |
23979075? | 28719648? | 33581776? | T: redgemss192 |
29254358 | 29439312 | 29900873 | T: gravitysphincsm |
28516171 | 29463993 | 29575848 | T: rainbow1acompres363232 |
29462619 | 29647428 | 29700117 | picnicl3fs |
30790236 | 30823321 | 30910653 | picnic3l1 |
34248077 | 34303951 | 34336914 | T: gravitysphincsl |
35130603 | 35152566 | 35182692 | picnicl3ur |
35545771 | 35663686 | 35779966 | T: luov890351 |
37906179 | 37962666 | 39853091 | T: mqdss48 |
39589458 | 39627295 | 39662075 | T: sphincsf128harakasimple |
37923472? | 44210740? | 56902279? | T: redgemss256v2 |
48036889 | 48099800 | 48126890 | T: sphincsf192harakasimple |
39180143? | 50228847? | 61933472? | T: redgemss256 |
51042798 | 51082422 | 51131734 | T: sphincsf128harakarobust |
51769735 | 51795846 | 51828965 | picnicl5fs |
53123010 | 55083351 | 55883838 | T: luov8117404 |
58859764 | 58897053 | 58939554 | T: luov4849242 |
59823105 | 59925864 | 60332217 | picnicl5ur |
63254015 | 63334321 | 63376580 | T: sphincsf192harakarobust |
64672957 | 64746249 | 65027391 | picnic3l3 |
111371173 | 111602224 | 111760403 | picnic3l5 |
120702461 | 120764152 | 120812748 | T: sphincsf256harakasimple |
134503286 | 135526587 | 135639801 | T: mqdss64 |
156222603 | 156305535 | 156441098 | T: sphincsf256harakarobust |
174651394 | 175160567 | 176588993 | T: rainbow3ccompres683248 |
178220767 | 178389182 | 179017900 | T: luov6468330 |
255420766 | 255676527 | 256054778 | T: pqrsa15 |
293864209 | 294248333 | 295754736 | T: picnic2l1fs |
302057523 | 302187741 | 302283166 | T: sphincs256 |
337890538 | 338448400 | 338887509 | T: sphincsf128shake256simple |
290017851? | 347963162? | 418421938? | T: bluegemss128v2 |
361498675 | 362761093 | 362979282 | T: luov8086399 |
288668842? | 402199717? | 497766154? | T: bluegemss128 |
431790525 | 435163244 | 439078536 | T: rainbow5ccompres963664 |
433431809 | 436080801 | 437212688 | T: sphincsf192shake256simple |
607340867 | 608380682 | 608728304 | T: sphincsf128shake256robust |
659190940 | 661030023 | 661403848 | T: sphincss128harakasimple |
794913692 | 795534593 | 796096230 | T: sphincsf192shake256robust |
850162379 | 850352315 | 850600757 | T: sphincss128harakarobust |
749846942? | 898493582? | 1051488882? | T: bluegemss192v2 |
908829041 | 909273280 | 909956960 | T: picnic2l3fs |
952279735 | 952725798 | 953566213 | T: sphincsf256shake256simple |
1039849022 | 1042478118 | 1043665731 | T: sphincss256harakasimple |
1053263169? | 1312778265? | 1576524644? | T: bluegemss192 |
1357233676 | 1357418135 | 1357480280 | T: sphincss256harakarobust |
1423459622 | 1424507077 | 1425104736 | T: sphincss192harakasimple |
1286146931? | 1542678948? | 2054404767? | T: bluegemss256v2 |
1727806280 | 1729007045 | 1729799735 | T: sphincsf256shake256robust |
1900929804 | 1901590291 | 1902483451 | T: picnic2l5fs |
1995778669 | 1998289023 | 1999450158 | T: sphincss192harakarobust |
1855191914? | 2242352945? | 2616861630? | T: gemss128v2 |
1738757281? | 2433661002? | 2785317212? | T: bluegemss256 |
2196641331? | 2769762155? | 3233359793? | T: gemss128 |
5100197365 | 5103697279 | 5106344284 | T: sphincss128shake256simple |
4950594112? | 5936351220? | 7910967719? | T: gemss192v2 |
7966934141 | 8000972910 | 8002776781 | T: sphincss256shake256simple |
6711785186? | 8059504893? | 9403885944? | T: gemss192 |
8961962665 | 8969818792 | 8976928088 | T: sphincss128shake256robust |
8304742240? | 9963449531? | 11603346760? | T: gemss256v2 |
10658095748 | 10682207112 | 10744074953 | T: sphincss192shake256simple |
14245007971 | 14258653758 | 14267833621 | T: sphincss256shake256robust |
12470744644? | 14966343544? | 19943496754? | T: gemss256 |
18384381063 | 18403201604 | 18412804841 | T: sphincss192shake256robust |
|
Cycles to verify 59 bytes |
25% | 50% | 75% | system |
80087 | 81008 | 82330 | T: rainbow1aclassic363232 |
141412 | 143042 | 144835 | T: falcon512tree |
143762 | 148753 | 154086 | T: gravitysphincss |
159968 | 160847 | 162004 | T: qtesla1 |
170221 | 171839 | 172870 | T: falcon512dyn |
286865 | 288520 | 290170 | T: falcon1024tree |
340533 | 341178 | 342112 | T: falcon1024dyn |
340626 | 342502 | 344159 | ed25519 |
344780 | 346539 | 348918 | T: qtesla3f |
349706 | 351176 | 353882 | T: qtesla3s |
363221 | 363758 | 365695 | haetae2 |
366274 | 389999 | 403942 | T: redgemss128v2 |
463802 | 482472 | 511584 | T: redgemss128 |
469740 | 484334 | 493452 | T: gemss128v2 |
480169 | 487324 | 492996 | T: gemss128 |
476993 | 491157 | 507358 | T: bluegemss128v2 |
486299 | 497474 | 505586 | T: bluegemss128 |
557421 | 558359 | 600470 | dilithium2 |
620545 | 626749 | 635379 | T: gravitysphincsm |
633722 | 641153 | 651480 | T: rainbow3cclassic683248 |
646626 | 647483 | 656478 | haetae3 |
698713 | 704071 | 710424 | T: pass769 |
793639 | 798386 | 818440 | T: pass863 |
801847 | 814406 | 816278 | haetae5 |
827925 | 843900 | 852111 | T: gravitysphincsl |
844482 | 848590 | 854084 | T: qtesla1p |
856034 | 875401 | 895080 | T: sphincss128harakasimple |
925998 | 933472 | 940488 | dilithium3 |
1090101 | 1095463 | 1103403 | dilithium2aes |
1191871 | 1218649 | 1243119 | T: gemss192 |
1224026 | 1226195 | 1231396 | T: ed448goldilocks |
1230690 | 1253489 | 1269762 | T: bluegemss192 |
1246432 | 1267028 | 1287282 | T: sphincss128harakarobust |
1259154 | 1297850 | 1320673 | T: redgemss192 |
1291107 | 1314329 | 1334476 | T: sphincss192harakasimple |
1356988 | 1377013 | 1408704 | T: gemss192v2 |
1377572 | 1398510 | 1525083 | T: rainbow5cclassic963664 |
1397554 | 1420365 | 1445508 | T: redgemss192v2 |
1407686 | 1436739 | 1455789 | T: bluegemss192v2 |
1480403 | 1480868 | 1481602 | dilithium5 |
1648398 | 1649981 | 1663504 | mqsignrr2567246 |
1657527 | 1659354 | 1672343 | mqsignlr2567246 |
1775475 | 1808277 | 1832730 | T: sphincss256harakasimple |
1941486 | 2016072 | 2054295 | dilithium3aes |
2027450 | 2061622 | 2092406 | T: sphincsf128harakasimple |
2063815 | 2094370 | 2125873 | T: sphincss192harakarobust |
2270078 | 2288763 | 2309609 | T: donald2048 |
2601451 | 2631320 | 2659988 | T: sphincss256harakarobust |
2600945 | 2672171 | 2755370 | T: gemss256v2 |
2786337 | 2878406 | 2940785 | T: gemss256 |
2890581 | 2929995 | 2976182 | T: redgemss256 |
2878804 | 2933795 | 2999642 | T: bluegemss256 |
2920884 | 2958471 | 2991888 | T: sphincsf128harakarobust |
2944150 | 3011056 | 3070842 | T: redgemss256v2 |
2932009 | 3029283 | 3102936 | T: bluegemss256v2 |
3257135 | 3288794 | 3321919 | T: sphincsf192harakasimple |
3480702 | 3525502 | 3561683 | T: sphincsf256harakasimple |
3315695 | 3571257 | 3586669 | dilithium5aes |
3748781 | 3762435 | 3786854 | mqsignrr25611272 |
3793593 | 3813760 | 3835368 | mqsignlr25611272 |
3862705 | 3894392 | 3943868 | T: sphincs256 |
3987065 | 4002576 | 4018467 | T: qtesla3p |
4879510 | 4907531 | 4981498 | T: sphincsf192harakarobust |
4939993 | 4969507 | 5028396 | T: sphincsf256harakarobust |
5360025 | 5372903 | 5381196 | picnicl1full |
5516414 | 5683983 | 5869487 | T: sphincss128shake256simple |
6690665 | 6712775 | 6744609 | mqsignrr25614896 |
6800360 | 6836450 | 6864585 | mqsignlr25614896 |
8158211 | 8307064 | 8410695 | T: sphincss192shake256simple |
8386998 | 8394629 | 8415515 | T: luov863256 |
10161168 | 10175742 | 10193781 | picnicl1fs |
10550048 | 10594222 | 10639871 | picnicl3full |
10709874 | 10895432 | 11090459 | T: sphincss128shake256robust |
10896052 | 11092715 | 11290124 | T: sphincss256shake256simple |
11995321 | 12026766 | 12048155 | picnicl1ur |
13587124 | 13711019 | 14080065 | T: sphincsf128shake256simple |
15972645 | 16188502 | 16511822 | T: sphincss192shake256robust |
17378406 | 17410652 | 17443014 | picnicl5full |
20867635 | 21171790 | 21477261 | T: sphincss256shake256robust |
21786423 | 22077191 | 22283868 | T: sphincsf256shake256simple |
21859669 | 22189736 | 22358701 | T: sphincsf192shake256simple |
23218772 | 23611832 | 23933492 | T: rainbow1acompres363232 |
23777945 | 23888322 | 23956025 | picnic3l1 |
23775106 | 24332577 | 24497879 | T: rainbow1acyclicc363232 |
26551445 | 26572400 | 26587578 | picnicl3fs |
26594345 | 26832405 | 27204478 | T: sphincsf128shake256robust |
26520303 | 26861285 | 27108718 | T: mqdss48 |
27758843 | 28086431 | 28395510 | T: luov890351 |
31131064 | 31172524 | 31206792 | picnicl3ur |
36934040 | 37510119 | 37589463 | T: pqrsa15 |
38318204 | 38348606 | 38387622 | T: luov4849242 |
42037481 | 42394657 | 43150680 | T: sphincsf192shake256robust |
42123912 | 42639787 | 43433842 | T: sphincsf256shake256robust |
45549682 | 45952257 | 48218912 | T: luov8117404 |
47023496 | 47086036 | 47375713 | picnicl5fs |
50535111 | 50603892 | 50954611 | picnic3l3 |
54009470 | 54078014 | 54127136 | picnicl5ur |
81309513 | 81397679 | 81535084 | picnic3l5 |
95435692 | 96372589 | 97432083 | T: mqdss64 |
109455431 | 109566788 | 109688483 | T: luov6468330 |
120901103 | 121118258 | 121337057 | T: picnic2l1fs |
139837824 | 143235882 | 148741951 | T: rainbow3ccompres683248 |
142501652 | 145423683 | 145777359 | T: rainbow3ccyclicc683248 |
204435436 | 206792868 | 206858550 | T: luov8086399 |
280583988 | 280742562 | 281011032 | T: picnic2l3fs |
320200937 | 321102598 | 325762328 | T: rainbow5ccyclicc963664 |
325895913 | 331541361 | 338726711 | T: rainbow5ccompres963664 |
489385812 | 489598985 | 489884925 | T: picnic2l5fs |
|
|
|