Measurements of public-key signature systems on one machine: amd64; Sandy Bridge+AES (206a7); 2011 Intel Xeon E3-1225; 4 x 3100MHz; hydra7, supercop-20240625
[Page version: 20240726 23:45:48]
eBATS
(ECRYPT Benchmarking
of Asymmetric Systems)
is a project
to measure the performance of public-key systems.
This page presents benchmark results collected in eBATS
for public-key signature systems:
- Time (cycles) to generate a key pair:
a secret key and a corresponding public key.
- Time to sign a short message (59 bytes).
- Time to open a signed short message,
i.e., to verify a (larger) signed message and recover the original short message.
- Space (bytes) for a secret key.
- Space for a public key.
- Space for a signature on a 0-byte message.
- Space for a signature on a 23-byte message:
i.e.,
the signed-message length minus 23 bytes.
- Space for a signature on a long message:
i.e.,
the signed-message length minus the message length.
For signature systems that support "message recovery",
the space for a signature on a long message
is shorter than the space for a signature on a short message.
Each table row lists
the first quartile of many speed measurements,
the median of many speed measurements,
the third quartile of many speed measurements, and
the name of the primitive.
Measurements with large variance are indicated in red with question marks.
The symbol
T:
(starting with supercop-20200816)
means that the SUPERCOP database
at the time of benchmarking did not list constant time
as a goal for this implementation.
The symbol
T!!!
means that constant time was listed as a goal for this implementation,
but that the implementation failed TIMECOP.
(TIMECOP failures are not necessarily security issues;
they can sometimes be resolved by, e.g., declaring that a rejection-sampling condition is safe to declassify.)
There is a
separate page
with more information about each signature system and each implementation.
Designers and implementors
interested in submitting new signature systems
and new implementations of existing signature systems
should read the call for submissions.
Implementation notes
Graphs:
old
(pkcycles,pkbytes)
(smcycles,sbytes)
(mcycles,pkbytes)
(mcycles,sbytes)
(pkbytes,sbytes)
NISTPQC graphs:
(pkcycles,pkbytes)
(smcycles,sbytes)
(mcycles,pkbytes)
(mcycles,sbytes)
(pkbytes,sbytes)
Measurement failures: ntrumls401x, ntrumls439x, ntrumls593x, ntrumls743x, qtesla128, qtesla192, qtesla256
Cycles to generate a key pair |
25% | 50% | 75% | system |
5689 | 5741 | 5865 | picnic3l1 |
5859 | 5919 | 6097 | picnicl1full |
8323 | 8396 | 8476 | picnicl3full |
8374 | 8439 | 8498 | picnic3l3 |
11070 | 11138 | 11262 | picnic3l5 |
11092 | 11209 | 11322 | picnicl5full |
12895 | 12931 | 13000 | picnicl1ur |
12938 | 13001 | 13111 | T: picnic2l1fs |
12974 | 13021 | 13085 | picnicl1fs |
24742 | 24814 | 24993 | T: picnic2l3fs |
24811 | 24929 | 25066 | picnicl3fs |
24921 | 24968 | 25094 | picnicl3ur |
32837 | 32909 | 33182 | picnicl5fs |
32824 | 32925 | 33129 | picnicl5ur |
33329 | 33388 | 33524 | T: picnic2l5fs |
69753 | 69963 | 70119 | ed25519 |
412957 | 413642 | 414274 | T!!!dilithium2 |
432800 | 434577 | 436633 | T: pass769 |
531436 | 541423 | 544789 | T: pass863 |
759853 | 761087 | 762493 | T!!!dilithium3 |
1048767 | 1052402 | 1059502 | T!!!dilithium2aes |
1113080 | 1113520 | 1113893 | T: sphincsf128harakasimple |
1131143 | 1131825 | 1133262 | T!!!dilithium5 |
1276534 | 1278575 | 1279101 | T: sphincsf128harakarobust |
1299734 | 1302362 | 1304214 | T: mqdss48 |
1355423 | 1370671 | 1390280 | T: donald2048 |
1012720? | 1620063? | 2531793? | haetae2 |
1635606 | 1637130 | 1639408 | T: sphincsf192harakasimple |
1778595 | 1784361 | 1786944 | T: sphincsf192harakarobust |
1919909 | 1923688 | 1927317 | T!!!dilithium3aes |
1202516? | 2184763? | 5070270? | haetae3 |
1820654? | 2389169? | 3023410? | T: qtesla1 |
3031184 | 3034133 | 3036270 | T: mqdss64 |
3211368 | 3216752 | 3225567 | T!!!dilithium5aes |
3678089? | 3690263? | 8857158? | T: qtesla3f |
3761092 | 3766256 | 3777002 | T: sphincsf256harakasimple |
1388747? | 4011711? | 6232085? | haetae5 |
4617423 | 4622003 | 4625895 | T: sphincsf256harakarobust |
7374913? | 8524338? | 10787638? | T: qtesla1p |
7224859? | 8994234? | 14219648? | T: qtesla3s |
11490282 | 11490943 | 11492448 | T: sphincsf128shake256simple |
16553371 | 16620773 | 16649126 | T: sphincs256 |
16976445 | 16982175 | 16985560 | T: sphincsf192shake256simple |
21894227 | 21901998 | 21904683 | T: sphincsf128shake256robust |
22208750 | 22245794 | 22275952 | T: luov4849242 |
23234291 | 23300656 | 23371808 | T: rainbow1acyclicc363232 |
23484906 | 23505664 | 23939472 | T: rainbow1aclassic363232 |
23829466 | 23863887 | 23904685 | T: rainbow1acompres363232 |
25545527? | 26950126? | 32879689? | T: falcon512dyn |
25614813 | 26970498 | 30393747 | T: falcon512tree |
30200347 | 30257877 | 30280288 | T: luov863256 |
32179566 | 32181470 | 32186895 | T: sphincsf192shake256robust |
35516837 | 35519624 | 35581803 | T: sphincss128harakasimple |
41067842 | 41128566 | 41146671 | T: sphincss128harakarobust |
33124560? | 43070393? | 53077487? | T: qtesla3p |
44516110 | 44519096 | 44526636 | T: sphincsf256shake256simple |
51863098 | 51945909 | 52052695 | T: sphincss192harakasimple |
56408758 | 56587874 | 56628605 | T: sphincss192harakarobust |
67751106 | 67785894 | 67867449 | T: sphincss256harakasimple |
75925537 | 76006635 | 76206023 | T: luov6468330 |
81307598 | 81326513 | 81364495 | T: redgemss128 |
82244368 | 82270986 | 82340765 | T: redgemss128v2 |
82391284 | 82476160 | 82590898 | T: sphincss256harakarobust |
79711008 | 83048999 | 99569071 | T: falcon1024dyn |
83899822 | 83958788 | 84048662 | T: bluegemss128 |
85024771 | 85068530 | 85141788 | T: sphincsf256shake256robust |
85085740 | 85121301 | 85153878 | T: gemss128 |
85937225 | 85984130 | 86312459 | T: bluegemss128v2 |
86319206 | 86376537 | 86413104 | T: gemss128v2 |
78597162? | 87410131? | 105448130? | T: falcon1024tree |
121992777 | 122140395 | 122287119 | T: luov890351 |
136775637 | 136801779 | 136828669 | mqsignlr2567246 |
139651313 | 139768108 | 140112454 | T: rainbow3cclassic683248 |
143691608 | 143959515 | 144154611 | T: rainbow3ccyclicc683248 |
144210666 | 144336500 | 145052833 | T: rainbow3ccompres683248 |
147758412 | 148128893 | 148458297 | T: luov8086399 |
190141237 | 190179507 | 190229381 | mqsignrr2567246 |
218464162 | 218677480 | 218873214 | T: luov8117404 |
361001120 | 361205114 | 361415973 | T: redgemss192v2 |
367768200 | 367771146 | 376098070 | T: sphincss128shake256simple |
393984404 | 396315558 | 417594025 | T: rainbow5cclassic963664 |
408735339 | 409022687 | 425233727 | T: rainbow5ccyclicc963664 |
414531705 | 414999612 | 419578755 | T: rainbow5ccompres963664 |
414651929 | 415038599 | 415312599 | T: bluegemss192v2 |
428711436 | 429778202 | 430064254 | T: gemss192v2 |
500261423 | 500346140 | 500421876 | T: redgemss192 |
509965785 | 510169094 | 510410927 | mqsignlr25611272 |
536604531 | 536675887 | 537078730 | T: bluegemss192 |
543612311 | 543680024 | 544077577 | T: sphincss192shake256simple |
558877730 | 558930300 | 559032595 | T: gemss192 |
700904541 | 701150391 | 701416163 | T: sphincss128shake256robust |
709788789 | 710219887 | 710414048 | T: sphincss256shake256simple |
711471232 | 711572028 | 711887309 | mqsignrr25611272 |
1029714740 | 1030552282 | 1031155167 | T: sphincss192shake256robust |
1075332204 | 1075729813 | 1109117937 | T: redgemss256v2 |
1118251564 | 1121853421 | 1123908228 | T: bluegemss256v2 |
1145655131 | 1147388549 | 1147569045 | T: gemss256v2 |
1305259350 | 1305885018 | 1306229234 | mqsignlr25614896 |
1350953636 | 1350973050 | 1351456791 | T: sphincss256shake256robust |
1448979553 | 1449486439 | 1454871713 | T: redgemss256 |
1566427988 | 1571479626 | 1572629826 | T: bluegemss256 |
1625276843 | 1625918222 | 1626669155 | T: gemss256 |
1633777937 | 1636646659 | 1638031983 | T: gravitysphincss |
1768348330 | 1769278526 | 1782589989 | mqsignrr25614896 |
5415290829 | 5593220893 | 5687629924 | T: pqrsa15 |
26063324547 | 26064239879 | 26070012315 | T: gravitysphincsl |
52093705441 | 52100485382 | 52156275455 | T: gravitysphincsm |
|
Cycles to sign 59 bytes |
25% | 50% | 75% | system |
78084 | 78290 | 78806 | ed25519 |
145531 | 146143 | 147808 | T: rainbow1aclassic363232 |
161564 | 162769 | 165855 | T: rainbow1acyclicc363232 |
541166 | 544338 | 548238 | T: rainbow3ccyclicc683248 |
520192? | 546088? | 1059473? | T: pass769 |
547275 | 550697 | 553146 | T: rainbow3cclassic683248 |
796198 | 797656 | 800892 | mqsignlr2567246 |
804466 | 809708 | 817339 | T: falcon512tree |
392902? | 917403? | 1825304? | T: qtesla1 |
1259793 | 1264786 | 1267998 | T: rainbow5cclassic963664 |
1267099 | 1270440 | 1273621 | T: rainbow5ccyclicc963664 |
1261732 | 1271242 | 1278454 | T: falcon512dyn |
651977? | 1287796? | 1965933? | T: pass863 |
1346427 | 1355603 | 1367624 | T: donald2048 |
1405713 | 1407333 | 1410572 | mqsignrr2567246 |
1090085? | 1450057? | 2049987? | T!!!dilithium2 |
956982? | 1458711? | 2785713? | T: qtesla3f |
1599848 | 1614780 | 1630122 | T: falcon1024tree |
1119559? | 1950313? | 3052310? | T: qtesla1p |
2097244 | 2100930 | 2113362 | mqsignlr25611272 |
1851268? | 2256031? | 2914183? | T!!!dilithium2aes |
2556378 | 2568332 | 2583753 | T: falcon1024dyn |
1707246? | 2630757? | 3557784? | T!!!dilithium3 |
2459883? | 3150811? | 5648403? | T!!!dilithium5 |
3304144 | 3309822 | 3321797 | mqsignrr25611272 |
1943366? | 3606921? | 6936918? | T: qtesla3s |
2979748? | 3665396? | 5490071? | T!!!dilithium3aes |
4352558 | 4355291 | 4360765 | mqsignlr25614896 |
3350016? | 4813799? | 9176864? | haetae3 |
3170427? | 5114454? | 7988494? | haetae2 |
4761549? | 5735455? | 7535711? | T!!!dilithium5aes |
6669444 | 6674203 | 7099853 | mqsignrr25614896 |
6903448 | 6906904 | 6920293 | picnicl1full |
4169107? | 7796982? | 13236249? | haetae5 |
6751481? | 8250428? | 14234053? | T: qtesla3p |
9556699 | 9561507 | 9566769 | T: luov863256 |
7827827? | 9629933? | 11139463? | T: redgemss128 |
10304378 | 10311424 | 10315223 | picnicl1fs |
8809098? | 10338805? | 12321050? | T: redgemss128v2 |
12595145 | 12602449 | 12612986 | picnicl1ur |
13057456 | 13064613 | 13070038 | picnicl3full |
13424342 | 13445617 | 13529328 | T: gravitysphincss |
19268430 | 19277201 | 19383477 | T: rainbow1acompres363232 |
21808447 | 21815127 | 21885726 | picnicl5full |
23921275 | 24012511 | 24254771 | T: gravitysphincsm |
25158873 | 25166877 | 25181156 | picnicl3fs |
24320347? | 28131845? | 33038946? | T: redgemss192v2 |
28550787 | 28563292 | 28580020 | T: gravitysphincsl |
31201232 | 31223874 | 31234178 | picnicl3ur |
32886772 | 32900171 | 32935071 | T: luov890351 |
34501691 | 34561948 | 34604309 | picnic3l1 |
28717970? | 35256456? | 41629992? | T: redgemss192 |
35735483 | 35745135 | 35770043 | T: mqdss48 |
38342707 | 38419276 | 38453124 | T: sphincsf128harakasimple |
43910227 | 43947077 | 44516791 | picnicl5fs |
38343714? | 45453552? | 52633342? | T: redgemss256v2 |
46412998 | 46495947 | 46555401 | T: sphincsf128harakarobust |
46827649 | 46872462 | 47065954 | T: sphincsf192harakasimple |
50975148 | 50994229 | 51027338 | T: luov4849242 |
53540578 | 53566078 | 53772389 | picnicl5ur |
53692024 | 53734754 | 53761696 | T: sphincsf192harakarobust |
54070029 | 54097501 | 54132121 | T: luov8117404 |
56231266? | 62854061? | 81466544? | T: redgemss256 |
69805638 | 70068595 | 70137270 | picnic3l3 |
94934622 | 95045274 | 95150557 | T: sphincsf256harakasimple |
107732976 | 107754340 | 107876727 | T: mqdss64 |
116200032 | 116303502 | 117089015 | picnic3l5 |
117144435 | 117310187 | 117487264 | T: rainbow3ccompres683248 |
123901768 | 123999236 | 124116640 | T: sphincsf256harakarobust |
156494656 | 156606648 | 156734539 | T: luov6468330 |
178585175 | 178645575 | 178682312 | T: pqrsa15 |
292218687 | 292517426 | 292963076 | T: rainbow5ccompres963664 |
309124731 | 309191476 | 309643867 | T: sphincs256 |
316798815 | 316991351 | 317234719 | T: luov8086399 |
351410996 | 351636035 | 351815446 | T: picnic2l1fs |
362862435 | 363097788 | 363352335 | T: sphincsf128shake256simple |
310161077? | 366378744? | 434611450? | T: bluegemss128 |
316783843? | 442860369? | 443800278? | T: bluegemss128v2 |
463120639 | 463404508 | 463688549 | T: sphincsf192shake256simple |
636623030 | 636944872 | 637088367 | T: sphincss128harakasimple |
659734617 | 660263128 | 660873266 | T: sphincsf128shake256robust |
784529633 | 784639217 | 784991315 | T: sphincss128harakarobust |
859667610 | 860107739 | 860519992 | T: sphincsf192shake256robust |
919673998 | 919907575 | 920035915 | T: sphincss256harakasimple |
1019610230 | 1019923712 | 1020151896 | T: sphincsf256shake256simple |
708212915? | 1058857543? | 1236879149? | T: bluegemss192v2 |
1064690744 | 1065200723 | 1065702725 | T: picnic2l3fs |
1201876814 | 1202469975 | 1202883854 | T: sphincss256harakarobust |
1368418727 | 1370138297 | 1372322428 | T: sphincss192harakasimple |
1220533974? | 1466374888? | 1712011615? | T: bluegemss192 |
1401414627? | 1681529535? | 1961500930? | T: bluegemss256v2 |
1738965413 | 1742965902 | 1743462587 | T: sphincss192harakarobust |
1883582989 | 1884614512 | 1885643810 | T: sphincsf256shake256robust |
2276883405 | 2277549635 | 2278571119 | T: picnic2l5fs |
1961440028? | 2334606932? | 2744786495? | T: gemss128 |
1983060643? | 2379822548? | 2778593976? | T: gemss128v2 |
2158883072? | 2590362853? | 3023321374? | T: bluegemss256 |
5469669443 | 5470105767 | 5576402646 | T: sphincss128shake256simple |
5990470247? | 7188738777? | 9581761687? | T: gemss192v2 |
6626121504? | 8280545671? | 11588710885? | T: gemss192 |
8475280236 | 8476251139 | 8476746695 | T: sphincss256shake256simple |
9774892078 | 9777804455 | 9781264529 | T: sphincss128shake256robust |
11505297534 | 11505760279 | 11538123625 | T: sphincss192shake256simple |
9976757904? | 11965404177? | 13958190337? | T: gemss256v2 |
15408977135 | 15410075339 | 15417326609 | T: sphincss256shake256robust |
18526631249? | 18538793520? | 24707758740? | T: gemss256 |
19972854617 | 19974011178 | 19983614193 | T: sphincss192shake256robust |
|
Cycles to verify 59 bytes |
25% | 50% | 75% | system |
49281 | 49873 | 51109 | T: rainbow1aclassic363232 |
116333 | 117515 | 118599 | T: falcon512tree |
117285 | 119533 | 124184 | T: gravitysphincss |
137765 | 139064 | 140341 | T: falcon512dyn |
176872 | 177240 | 177921 | T: qtesla1 |
226507 | 228115 | 238474 | ed25519 |
233962 | 235785 | 236884 | T: falcon1024tree |
244662 | 246602 | 250068 | T: rainbow3cclassic683248 |
260870 | 270877 | 285339 | T: bluegemss128 |
278876 | 280522 | 282083 | T: falcon1024dyn |
265010 | 282132 | 289596 | T: gemss128 |
272364 | 283804 | 292463 | T: gemss128v2 |
269999 | 289432 | 298286 | T: redgemss128 |
295358 | 295778 | 296156 | haetae2 |
290224 | 298091 | 306200 | T: redgemss128v2 |
303359 | 313720 | 318978 | T: bluegemss128v2 |
404482 | 405123 | 406040 | T: qtesla3s |
408622 | 409494 | 409815 | T: qtesla3f |
463362 | 463719 | 464176 | T!!!dilithium2 |
502844 | 507422 | 519248 | T: gravitysphincsm |
511943 | 512722 | 513128 | haetae3 |
641420 | 645112 | 649184 | T: rainbow5cclassic963664 |
651164 | 651692 | 652126 | haetae5 |
631690 | 652250 | 662114 | T: gemss192 |
637810 | 653413 | 668352 | T: redgemss192v2 |
657595 | 660436 | 663780 | T: pass769 |
650326 | 663418 | 691863 | T: bluegemss192 |
671039 | 680598 | 690296 | T: gravitysphincsl |
671300 | 688970 | 702933 | T: redgemss192 |
678945 | 691279 | 715633 | T: bluegemss192v2 |
683344 | 694074 | 710343 | T: gemss192v2 |
708206 | 728061 | 743706 | T: sphincss128harakasimple |
757884 | 758349 | 759025 | T!!!dilithium3 |
797082 | 802139 | 830738 | T: pass863 |
978798 | 981084 | 984100 | T: qtesla1p |
1030520 | 1034630 | 1041723 | T!!!dilithium2aes |
1032515 | 1058559 | 1073663 | T: sphincss128harakarobust |
1084146 | 1097246 | 1119090 | T: sphincss192harakasimple |
1190613 | 1191368 | 1191970 | T!!!dilithium5 |
1291892 | 1295193 | 1300190 | mqsignrr2567246 |
1311193 | 1314822 | 1316689 | mqsignlr2567246 |
1296238 | 1315950 | 1348689 | T: gemss256v2 |
1299645 | 1325853 | 1347954 | T: bluegemss256v2 |
1312880 | 1349607 | 1385419 | T: redgemss256v2 |
1351320 | 1375680 | 1398551 | T: gemss256 |
1350245 | 1382214 | 1413746 | T: bluegemss256 |
1388784 | 1402127 | 1422470 | T: redgemss256 |
1413936 | 1424559 | 1447802 | T: sphincss256harakasimple |
1584497 | 1599116 | 1606219 | T: donald2048 |
1591214 | 1609651 | 1622560 | T: sphincss192harakarobust |
1668455 | 1686124 | 1709107 | T: sphincsf128harakasimple |
1804198 | 1807926 | 1811787 | T!!!dilithium3aes |
2192145 | 2221862 | 2253582 | T: sphincss256harakarobust |
2429279 | 2464690 | 2504369 | T: sphincsf128harakarobust |
2595868 | 2613747 | 2652588 | T: sphincsf256harakasimple |
2724527 | 2749710 | 2779473 | T: sphincsf192harakasimple |
2961566 | 2966544 | 2976668 | mqsignrr25611272 |
2964254 | 2969829 | 2975773 | mqsignlr25611272 |
3148777 | 3155480 | 3160049 | T!!!dilithium5aes |
3873253 | 3915322 | 3952751 | T: sphincs256 |
3889390 | 3922526 | 3941360 | T: sphincsf192harakarobust |
3950427 | 3998898 | 4041920 | T: sphincsf256harakarobust |
4683282 | 4694010 | 4701656 | T: qtesla3p |
5497030 | 5507549 | 5530799 | picnicl1full |
6062973 | 6067295 | 6070928 | mqsignrr25614896 |
5972116 | 6129222 | 6322076 | T: sphincss128shake256simple |
6214525 | 6222927 | 6228473 | mqsignlr25614896 |
8043513 | 8045306 | 8053237 | T: luov863256 |
8777971 | 8794880 | 8826952 | picnicl1fs |
8973306 | 9052089 | 9133292 | T: sphincss192shake256simple |
10660230 | 10668318 | 10678493 | picnicl3full |
10691225 | 10712252 | 10750618 | picnicl1ur |
11553592 | 11712419 | 11817032 | T: sphincss256shake256simple |
11827637 | 12054956 | 12271827 | T: sphincss128shake256robust |
14518059 | 14783360 | 15015172 | T: sphincsf128shake256simple |
15296798 | 15322067 | 15439881 | T: rainbow1acyclicc363232 |
15301134 | 15352065 | 15536168 | T: rainbow1acompres363232 |
17451704 | 17611030 | 17973777 | T: sphincss192shake256robust |
17987236 | 18025904 | 18114387 | picnicl5full |
22161403 | 22175086 | 22196205 | picnicl3fs |
22619079 | 22991005 | 23580228 | T: sphincss256shake256robust |
23313391 | 23581516 | 23816044 | T: sphincsf192shake256simple |
23459864 | 23733339 | 23925911 | T: sphincsf256shake256simple |
24266155 | 24286983 | 24306522 | T: pqrsa15 |
25455334 | 25707580 | 25876521 | T: mqdss48 |
27094094 | 27108082 | 27128303 | picnicl3ur |
27585139 | 27625984 | 27764817 | picnic3l1 |
28360010 | 28381426 | 28397255 | T: luov890351 |
28686069 | 29145310 | 29728353 | T: sphincsf128shake256robust |
35828190 | 35857136 | 35879318 | T: luov4849242 |
38515331 | 38545091 | 38566374 | picnicl5fs |
45713454 | 46148166 | 46544790 | T: sphincsf192shake256robust |
46093691 | 46888969 | 47528707 | T: sphincsf256shake256robust |
47063756 | 47094702 | 47136511 | picnicl5ur |
47060166 | 47129518 | 47159368 | T: luov8117404 |
57283154 | 57314689 | 57349844 | picnic3l3 |
78009691 | 78933863 | 79704529 | T: mqdss64 |
88901333 | 89045421 | 89212029 | picnic3l5 |
92024304 | 92153317 | 92223537 | T: rainbow3ccyclicc683248 |
92264458 | 92632850 | 92837907 | T: rainbow3ccompres683248 |
92951869 | 93713579 | 93789175 | T: luov6468330 |
137057190 | 137223659 | 137504993 | T: picnic2l1fs |
174536848 | 175009897 | 175397502 | T: luov8086399 |
207737978 | 208105933 | 208592067 | T: rainbow5ccompres963664 |
208030823 | 209031863 | 224093594 | T: rainbow5ccyclicc963664 |
309121968 | 309394564 | 309793407 | T: picnic2l3fs |
547334635 | 547761246 | 548126337 | T: picnic2l5fs |
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