VAMPIRE

eBACS: ECRYPT Benchmarking of Cryptographic Systems


ECRYPT II
General information:IntroductioneBASHeBASCeBAEADeBATSSUPERCOPXBXComputersArch
How to submit new software:Tipshashstreamaeaddhkemencryptsign
List of primitives measured:lwcsha3hashstreamlwccaesaraeaddhkemencryptsign
Measurements:lwcsha3hashstreamlwccaesaraeaddhkemencryptsign
List of subroutines:verifydecodeencodesortcorehashblocksxofscalarmult

Measurements of public-key signature systems on one machine: amd64; Zen 4 (a60f12); 2023 AMD Ryzen 7 7700; 8 x 3800MHz; hertz, supercop-20250922

[Page version: 20251005 01:31:31]

eBATS (ECRYPT Benchmarking of Asymmetric Systems) is a project to measure the performance of public-key systems. This page presents benchmark results collected in eBATS for public-key signature systems:

For signature systems that support "message recovery", the space for a signature on a long message is shorter than the space for a signature on a short message.

Each table row lists the first quartile of many speed measurements, the median of many speed measurements, the third quartile of many speed measurements, and the name of the primitive. Measurements with large variance are indicated in red with question marks. The symbol T: (starting with supercop-20200816) means that the SUPERCOP database at the time of benchmarking did not list constant time as a goal for this implementation. The symbol T!!! means that constant time was listed as a goal for this implementation, but that the implementation failed TIMECOP. (TIMECOP failures are not necessarily security issues; they can sometimes be resolved by, e.g., declaring that a rejection-sampling condition is safe to declassify.)

There is a separate page with more information about each signature system and each implementation. Designers and implementors interested in submitting new signature systems and new implementations of existing signature systems should read the call for submissions.


Test results

Graphs: (pkcycles,pkbytes) (smcycles,sbytes) (mcycles,pkbytes) (mcycles,sbytes) (pkbytes,sbytes)

NISTPQC graphs: (pkcycles,pkbytes) (smcycles,sbytes) (mcycles,pkbytes) (mcycles,sbytes) (pkbytes,sbytes)

Measurement failures: ntrumls401x, ntrumls439x, ntrumls593x, ntrumls743x, qtesla128, qtesla192, qtesla256

Cycles to generate a key pair
25%50%75%system
172141729417472
T:
lattisigns512
299323010130499crossrsdpg128fast
298693025430507crossrsdpg128balanced
300693026230581crossrsdpg128small
334723402236844dilithium2aes
423814245342578ed25519
438914389944062aimer128f
439234398244234aimer128s
515905199652423dilithium3aes
537315411154742
T:
ecdonaldp256
615666170262321dilithium2
615806178062459crossrsdpg192balanced
615216186262257crossrsdpg192fast
616316196962372crossrsdpg192small
728557315973459crossrsdp128balanced
728377316073571crossrsdp128small
728727330673632crossrsdp128fast
766987700177524dilithium5aes
101288101401101705aimer192s
101257101467101585aimer192f
101307101584102118crossrsdpg256small
101262101591102161crossrsdpg256balanced
101728102005102356crossrsdpg256fast
112949113256113693dilithium3
120003120465122621
T:
ecdonaldp224
156958158053159092
T:
ed448goldilocks
164733165108165729crossrsdp192small
164871165245165784crossrsdp192balanced
164716165263166018crossrsdp192fast
173001174042177150dilithium5
181076183277187359
T:
pass769
213390215136216973
T:
pass863
249993250243250815aimer256f
252153253301256577nccsign1
257967258520259506crossrsdp256small
257857258643259108crossrsdp256fast
257927258671259311crossrsdp256balanced
271655271964272373aimer256s
334403336234338316nccsign3
278744?397477?745101?haetae2
412323413464416471
T:
donald1024
452016459198506192nccsign1aes
462036463494466755
T:
sphincsf128harakasimple
498956499509559498
T:
sphincsf128harakarobust
522083523701527028nccsign5
547931553226557556nccsign3aes
565594566829570084
T:
ecdonaldk163
390512?575939?1127682?haetae5
585329586552588467
T:
ecdonaldp521
586777589986593519
T:
ecdonaldb163
617258619769621958
T:
mqdss48
614506620077624522
T:
ecdonaldp160
684796686042689884
T:
sphincsf192harakasimple
712874716346719993
T:
ecdonaldp384
740891744478752124
T:
ecdonaldp192
771658775234842346
T:
ecdonaldk233
793976797371800866
T:
ecdonaldb233
836821838110840540
T:
sphincsf192harakarobust
623502?897364?1537427?haetae3
913831921968930414nccsign5aes
946203?1003091?1541375?
T:
qtesla1
101545710191761020668
T:
sphincsf128sha256simple
132737013299151333314
T:
ecdonaldk283
137897513812041383970
T:
donald2048
139429613956411398519
T:
ecdonaldb283
143630414411831445389
T:
mqdss64
165271316561151659185
T:
sphincsf192sha256simple
177176417829421881357
T:
sphincsf256harakasimple
197104019765351981402
T:
sphincsf128sha256robust
198682719924682126151
T:
sphincsf128shake256simple
205140720657412107413
T:
sphincsf256harakarobust
2035065?2068494?3956884?
T:
qtesla3f
224303922636562279571
T:
sphincs256
230286823121292342737
T:
ecdonaldk409
244176424496512462788
T:
ecdonaldb409
249889425070462514608
T:
sphincsf192sha256robust
302577030355763039856
T:
sphincsf192shake256simple
2113566?3091547?4999424?
T:
qtesla3s
345875934689223811735
T:
sphincsf128shake256robust
349808335016843505823
T:
sphincsf256sha256simple
497773349951865124275
T:
ecdonaldk571
508256650921795101317
T:
sphincsf192shake256robust
515629551701305195719mqsignlr2567246
4044090?5283579?5923140?
T:
qtesla1p
529055053259795347627mqsignrr2567246
532244953316505341504
T:
ecdonaldb571
552272955315785536476
T:
mqsignlr2567246
622242262396616267825
T:
mqsignrr2567246
673117167488196768358
T:
rainbowbinary256181212
810933082428688316040
T:
sphincsf256shake256simple
113386931138435311540038
T:
rainbow1aclassic363232
115062041152748011555023
T:
rainbow1acompres363232
116323451165424911951732
T:
rainbow1acyclicc363232
118974741190909911933911
T:
sphincsf256sha256robust
136895711370875013748347
T:
sphincsf256shake256robust
146495651466225414702571
T:
sphincss128harakasimple
137005121473683815959993
T:
falcon512tree
11410610?15744432?21702134?
T:
ronald512
163079891672607516743631
T:
sphincss128harakarobust
161684051701266018367877
T:
falcon512dyn
198514901998103720052792mqsignlr25611272
199592092010696820485129
T:
mqsignlr25611272
213306982138988321722707mqsignrr25611272
214055802148122722261508
T:
sphincss192harakasimple
218942422196048422025406
T:
mqsignrr25611272
266181232676832626896907
T:
sphincss192harakarobust
267512252693297827223901
T:
sphincss256harakasimple
21647456?27179480?32754113?
T:
qtesla3p
293583552940100129458248
T:
rainbowbinary16242020
296815132969450129721951
T:
tts6440
317679053212238632240140
T:
rainbow5640
319462063216285532218455
T:
sphincss128sha256simple
331299043340904133576300
T:
sphincss256harakarobust
338549723393924133997122
T:
pflash1
26583315?39028485?56411365?
T:
ronald768
424274184373876646597639
T:
falcon1024tree
499097174993239849984107
T:
sphincss192sha256simple
510579135115156951795699
T:
mqsignlr25614896
515469405168914151829370mqsignlr25614896
515837095316390455748766
T:
falcon1024dyn
561983205625541656276822
T:
sphincss256sha256simple
34946153?56515794?74959564?
T:
ronald1024
590857275939518460141030
T:
rainbow6440
643699776447459664520710
T:
sphincss128shake256simple
653379466537268965399741
T:
sphincss128sha256robust
655002486564390065765667
T:
rainbow3cclassic683248
663764096652877367215801
T:
rainbow3ccompres683248
665018126733413068030295mqsignrr25614896
715109197161382371700367
T:
rainbow3ccyclicc683248
715387287161787471708888
T:
mqsignrr25614896
822401228234959083006226
T:
sphincss192sha256robust
9386647994206269102158774
T:
sphincss192shake256simple
110713436111129651113801242
T:
sphincss128shake256robust
125557789125990354129364221
T:
sphincss256shake256simple
151977229152035505152096170
T:
sflashv2
159329702159564158161610535
T:
sphincss192shake256robust
194386208194647716195088299
T:
sphincss256sha256robust
222028166222361593229261431
T:
sphincss256shake256robust
231163322231316540231400189
T:
rainbow5ccyclicc963664
241820090242046422242234090
T:
rainbow5ccompres963664
245149474245405464245739168
T:
rainbow5cclassic963664
155019996?287128980?390288992?
T:
ronald1536
313471024?497484784?599224017?
T:
ronald2048
676924000677175278677509274
T:
gravitysphincss
1023648819?1422148480?2340088187?
T:
ronald3072
2958384081?4257900066?5804474615?
T:
ronald4096
108477593001084860447010853500327
T:
gravitysphincsl
216694861852167173880321688287395
T:
gravitysphincsm
Cycles to sign 59 bytes
25%50%75%system
100171013010540
T:
rainbowbinary256181212
210772144222417
T:
rainbowbinary16242020
325993284933208
T:
tts6440
421344275945377
T:
rainbow5640
461564624346305ed25519
466614684647263
T:
rainbow6440
509675118051465
T:
rainbow1aclassic363232
531945332753499
T:
sflashv2
669876721167643
T:
mqsignlr2567246
733537391574460mqsignlr2567246
831948352683921
T:
rainbow1acyclicc363232
847058486685278
T:
ecdonaldp256
9837798911101558
T:
mqsignrr2567246
104395104813106145mqsignrr2567246
98843?111548?161147?dilithium3aes
76736?118796?169515?dilithium2aes
82539?118882?262581?
T:
lattisigns512
88957?121991?239356?dilithium2
107141?143590?235424?dilithium5aes
163467163667164221
T:
ed448goldilocks
162029164640166503
T:
mqsignlr25611272
183197183588184300
T:
ecdonaldp224
183978185140186417mqsignlr25611272
131516?225385?405124?
T:
qtesla1
242555243563245706
T:
rainbow3cclassic683248
246119250085253484
T:
mqsignrr25611272
268275271267274925mqsignrr25611272
209244?272626?359799?dilithium5
288073291887295025
T:
ronald512
176354?299198?410672?dilithium3
317364319101320816
T:
donald1024
313931?320211?399346?
T:
rainbow3ccyclicc683248
321487324601328047
T:
falcon512tree
269341?392501?732583?
T:
qtesla3f
423753430873444925
T:
mqsignlr25614896
236804?464665?474532?
T:
pass769
463247474183481492mqsignlr25614896
470786477216480585mqsignrr25614896
535995541383545973
T:
ronald768
544768548071555489
T:
mqsignrr25614896
280029?553902?829907?
T:
pass863
561575567648577262
T:
falcon512dyn
202354?594627?930911?
T:
pflash1
604431?607281?928017?nccsign1
606301610434614466
T:
ecdonaldk163
623757625340626120
T:
ecdonaldb163
642528650893658059
T:
falcon1024tree
653377655990660423
T:
ecdonaldp160
658474665351671682
T:
ronald1024
343914?673697?875546?
T:
qtesla1p
760605762988765867crossrsdpg128fast
769221777485789948
T:
rainbow5cclassic963664
776157782612791628
T:
ecdonaldp192
828198830502834735aimer128f
836107840891857707
T:
ecdonaldk233
850182852426856022
T:
ecdonaldp384
856816859891864692
T:
ecdonaldb233
867057869909874015
T:
donald2048
604618?909905?1368299?
T:
qtesla3s
902099916315935809
T:
rainbow5ccyclicc963664
511521?932672?1777834?haetae2
962421964109966439
T:
ecdonaldp521
746284?1058215?1469735?nccsign3
113061711383461141918
T:
falcon1024dyn
850771?1172785?1567109?nccsign1aes
747396?1366598?2605728?haetae3
139887614018641405004crossrsdpg128balanced
141575714175681420708
T:
ecdonaldk283
816208?1473364?2786603?haetae5
1011816?1479422?2154224?nccsign3aes
148376614853961488706
T:
ecdonaldb283
151395815176731519643crossrsdp128fast
174057617436841747195crossrsdpg192fast
1264843?1790887?2456190?nccsign5
182219418333021850837
T:
ronald2048
193887219509631960037
T:
ronald1536
214685021550422158633crossrsdpg192balanced
229763922999492307559aimer192f
249747625013662508769
T:
ecdonaldk409
251742225221752529238crossrsdp128balanced
1774368?2594752?3410693?nccsign5aes
264316226515442659237
T:
ecdonaldb409
273740827401492743633crossrsdpg128small
1733243?2862434?4424566?
T:
qtesla3p
293571329373312941409crossrsdpg256fast
345090034584363465157crossrsdpg256balanced
345841934624053466093crossrsdp192fast
371842437404413804546
T:
mqdss48
402075240244894028170crossrsdpg192small
431457743304904360473
T:
ronald3072
457460945939794596419aimer256f
476885647737684777581
T:
gravitysphincss
499388150060045018431crossrsdp128small
533355453397875351561
T:
ecdonaldk571
550672355113755521219crossrsdp192balanced
568679856969675710839
T:
ecdonaldb571
599004760529506094458aimer128s
605381960659006101653crossrsdp256fast
613171561397426153341crossrsdpg256small
821700482288948245567crossrsdp192small
823718782564988285557
T:
ronald4096
884873188695138898909
T:
rainbow1acompres363232
884295488709918878168
T:
mqdss64
910541491108189117539
T:
gravitysphincsm
945698994679649483158crossrsdp256balanced
110374601104756711057513
T:
gravitysphincsl
152677381528693415313727crossrsdp256small
167250291678831016810441
T:
sphincsf128harakasimple
170729241709859217122652aimer192s
187413421937722619429867
T:
sphincsf128harakarobust
201062722013479920162269
T:
sphincsf192harakasimple
252157592534035226166718
T:
sphincsf192harakarobust
335282263359362133649888aimer256s
348723083499531435062995
T:
sphincsf128sha256simple
377799493786189437905986
T:
sphincs256
451433744535040747394839
T:
sphincsf256harakasimple
526646955275960152845856
T:
sphincsf192sha256simple
533428935346957553620792
T:
rainbow3ccompres683248
539720375430649954630203
T:
sphincsf256harakarobust
650537036522865465466822
T:
sphincsf128sha256robust
670118266775022468168143
T:
sphincsf128shake256simple
802788178045180080632495
T:
sphincsf192sha256robust
886089788881854889031045
T:
sphincsf192shake256simple
888015038895874689659381
T:
sphincsf256sha256simple
112614027112866774114353166
T:
sphincsf128shake256robust
139331353141153219142934479
T:
rainbow5ccompres963664
149066787149259195159003579
T:
sphincsf192shake256robust
190377601191031958191840223
T:
sphincsf256shake256simple
274551025274820448276118673
T:
sphincsf256sha256robust
277707241278060268278490105
T:
sphincss128harakasimple
311435996314447625318198597
T:
sphincss128harakarobust
314730768315024473315304208
T:
sphincsf256shake256robust
373894772375972931377301283
T:
sphincss256harakasimple
468248222469184926470829250
T:
sphincss256harakarobust
558131809561820799562901850
T:
sphincss128sha256simple
595171480595753032608616112
T:
sphincss192harakasimple
701455188702319672703281347
T:
sphincss256sha256simple
796141678815539631849397371
T:
sphincss192harakarobust
102408168810248328681025591437
T:
sphincss128shake256simple
104498469910462562081047217793
T:
sphincss128sha256robust
110763989711087030031110032224
T:
sphincss192sha256simple
150803429315147395301589519809
T:
sphincss256shake256simple
160549216316291994171632739096
T:
sphincss128shake256robust
175738322417712491111778265979
T:
sphincss192sha256robust
204807538220516012432053960780
T:
sphincss192shake256simple
220679146222114084672215965120
T:
sphincss256sha256robust
256620869526055153112608312170
T:
sphincss256shake256robust
324222513032478103263250079157
T:
sphincss192shake256robust
Cycles to verify 59 bytes
25%50%75%system
746075297716
T:
rainbowbinary256181212
147631505615302
T:
rainbowbinary16242020
164441653416713
T:
rainbow5640
169111718517517
T:
ronald512
192881951019736
T:
ronald768
211142128621397
T:
tts6440
212322133721530
T:
rainbow6440
226522279323061
T:
ronald1024
238492477825653
T:
rainbow1aclassic363232
265022671327113
T:
lattisigns512
312303140331834
T:
ronald1536
344853471335010
T:
mqsignlr2567246
350323537135982
T:
mqsignrr2567246
350703543136110mqsignlr2567246
355073586836868mqsignrr2567246
423264252842699dilithium2aes
432404346443696
T:
ronald2048
494805196654328
T:
gravitysphincss
590745961960124
T:
falcon512tree
601296038360591dilithium3aes
688586900269189dilithium2
681076959070722
T:
qtesla1
752307548475998
T:
ronald3072
855388560985718
T:
sflashv2
866638685287186dilithium5aes
974519846098943
T:
falcon512dyn
102177102533102837haetae2
104374106663109709
T:
rainbow3cclassic683248
110764112184114581mqsignlr25611272
111624113139115553
T:
mqsignlr25611272
113231113664115101dilithium3
118333118746119229
T:
ronald4096
118230119180120353
T:
falcon1024tree
117485121272124637
T:
pflash1
120988123917126758mqsignrr25611272
120690124180126525
T:
mqsignrr25611272
139889140698141699
T:
qtesla3f
142978143860144367
T:
qtesla3s
154964155336155810haetae3
158955160172161626ed25519
178586179267182101dilithium5
185048185516186014haetae5
197302198028198925
T:
falcon1024dyn
211357217955222347mqsignlr25614896
215066220429225225
T:
mqsignrr25614896
218749223074228985
T:
mqsignlr25614896
216864224370229499mqsignrr25614896
221937224790229158
T:
gravitysphincsm
230405230603231781
T:
ecdonaldp256
254968256654259337
T:
donald1024
284826288049289286
T:
pass769
301155304522306887
T:
gravitysphincsl
324840327796330484
T:
pass863
329801331000332208
T:
qtesla1p
334631343697347819
T:
sphincss128harakasimple
365310366615367973nccsign1
367006367322368124
T:
ecdonaldp224
392846406308414770
T:
rainbow5cclassic963664
471522473111474293nccsign3
515517517249519990crossrsdpg128fast
519703535559547244
T:
sphincss128harakarobust
526327538530545939
T:
sphincss192harakasimple
540497542766548217nccsign1aes
563449566054567680
T:
ed448goldilocks
616506624039630125
T:
ecdonaldp160
653938657362660298nccsign3aes
724572729227738222
T:
ecdonaldp192
722427732318747949
T:
sphincss256harakasimple
763560765231767126nccsign5
775564781925785539
T:
donald2048
795689803213819580
T:
sphincsf128harakasimple
836499845272852261
T:
sphincss192harakarobust
844419845587847844aimer128f
966820970045978305crossrsdp128fast
103402810359151041157crossrsdpg128balanced
109321110974501104367
T:
sphincs256
111428011209181127755nccsign5aes
115855611609951163692
T:
ecdonaldk163
116636611798471199062
T:
sphincss256harakarobust
119814011990901201336
T:
ecdonaldb163
120771512100081215319crossrsdpg192fast
121537912277711246843
T:
sphincsf128harakarobust
133113713444551356255
T:
sphincsf192harakasimple
137388013966201405129
T:
sphincsf256harakasimple
156728615703201574780crossrsdpg192balanced
160049316060151672600
T:
ecdonaldk233
164581516496551655653
T:
ecdonaldb233
168356916886181693185
T:
qtesla3p
180886218112951814012
T:
ecdonaldp521
187173118744341880019crossrsdp128balanced
193127719362341941946
T:
ecdonaldp384
199784920512842084471
T:
sphincss128sha256simple
204503520570032080410
T:
sphincsf192harakarobust
208807520953692101443crossrsdpg128small
210319021053002109498crossrsdpg256fast
221059122130562217831crossrsdp192fast
224256222668402296324
T:
mqdss48
224382722680882306457
T:
sphincsf256harakarobust
230509523084912311916aimer192f
252837125950452660811
T:
sphincss128shake256simple
265657126615432664741crossrsdpg256balanced
274855627527882763463
T:
ecdonaldk283
288166828857112891503
T:
ecdonaldb283
313102231361093140932crossrsdpg192small
311198431646563212244
T:
sphincss192sha256simple
373203238095253871823
T:
sphincss192shake256simple
388852638931643900843crossrsdp128small
395207539555763958755crossrsdp256fast
392827140176054145726
T:
sphincss128sha256robust
404008241208044200039
T:
sphincss256sha256simple
411686341215054129371crossrsdp192balanced
454754845546904568758aimer256f
482582948319354852039
T:
ecdonaldk409
480669848805124940657
T:
sphincsf128sha256simple
485371349378624989605
T:
sphincss256shake256simple
492208750140995126009
T:
sphincss128shake256robust
510081251063175109396crossrsdpg256small
510849551181835167559
T:
ecdonaldb409
572016057484285798842
T:
mqdss64
606568560701076119220aimer128s
616739662966056556425
T:
sphincsf128shake256simple
628945963019616320428crossrsdp192small
635178464449836589162
T:
sphincss192sha256robust
668351866982276717727
T:
rainbow1acompres363232
676523967821506994793
T:
rainbow1acyclicc363232
722497672327127244309crossrsdp256balanced
745155375199957612430
T:
sphincss192shake256robust
789848979632428023202
T:
sphincsf192sha256simple
802010980835448183186
T:
sphincsf256sha256simple
946732795882839715152
T:
sphincss256shake256robust
951620996921359866538
T:
sphincsf128sha256robust
9838990998415110185367
T:
sphincsf192shake256simple
99429331005247510195360
T:
sphincsf256shake256simple
103266361033616310361588
T:
ecdonaldk571
110515721110468811152379
T:
ecdonaldb571
115483171170052511881397
T:
sphincss256sha256robust
119802401198938911998107crossrsdp256small
120487391224049712487130
T:
sphincsf128shake256robust
160951681627098916415362
T:
sphincsf192sha256robust
170506171716412717173459aimer192s
192479661955557619844827
T:
sphincsf256shake256robust
193405071969283720420151
T:
sphincsf192shake256robust
229221102312918223431377
T:
sphincsf256sha256robust
332810863336507433519729aimer256s
404410004054742340869207
T:
rainbow3ccompres683248
417780084191635542018682
T:
rainbow3ccyclicc683248
909892099165676691799866
T:
rainbow5ccyclicc963664
917981719199688292190949
T:
rainbow5ccompres963664