Measurements of public-key signature systems on one machine: amd64; Bonnell (106ca); 2010 Intel Atom N455; 1 x 1000MHz; h2atom, supercop-20250922
[Page version: 20251005 01:31:31]
eBATS
(ECRYPT Benchmarking
of Asymmetric Systems)
is a project
to measure the performance of public-key systems.
This page presents benchmark results collected in eBATS
for public-key signature systems:
- Time (cycles) to generate a key pair:
a secret key and a corresponding public key.
- Time to sign a short message (59 bytes).
- Time to open a signed short message,
i.e., to verify a (larger) signed message and recover the original short message.
- Space (bytes) for a secret key.
- Space for a public key.
- Space for a signature on a 0-byte message.
- Space for a signature on a 23-byte message:
i.e.,
the signed-message length minus 23 bytes.
- Space for a signature on a long message:
i.e.,
the signed-message length minus the message length.
For signature systems that support "message recovery",
the space for a signature on a long message
is shorter than the space for a signature on a short message.
Each table row lists
the first quartile of many speed measurements,
the median of many speed measurements,
the third quartile of many speed measurements, and
the name of the primitive.
Measurements with large variance are indicated in red with question marks.
The symbol
T:
(starting with supercop-20200816)
means that the SUPERCOP database
at the time of benchmarking did not list constant time
as a goal for this implementation.
The symbol
T!!!
means that constant time was listed as a goal for this implementation,
but that the implementation failed TIMECOP.
(TIMECOP failures are not necessarily security issues;
they can sometimes be resolved by, e.g., declaring that a rejection-sampling condition is safe to declassify.)
There is a
separate page
with more information about each signature system and each implementation.
Designers and implementors
interested in submitting new signature systems
and new implementations of existing signature systems
should read the call for submissions.
Test results
Graphs:
old
(pkcycles,pkbytes)
(smcycles,sbytes)
(mcycles,pkbytes)
(mcycles,sbytes)
(pkbytes,sbytes)
NISTPQC graphs:
(pkcycles,pkbytes)
(smcycles,sbytes)
(mcycles,pkbytes)
(mcycles,sbytes)
(pkbytes,sbytes)
Measurement failures: ntrumls401x, ntrumls439x, ntrumls593x, ntrumls743x, picnic3l1, picnic3l3, picnic3l5, picnicl1fs, picnicl1full, picnicl1ur, picnicl3fs, picnicl3full, picnicl3ur, picnicl5fs, picnicl5full, picnicl5ur, qtesla128, qtesla192, qtesla256
Cycles to generate a key pair |
25% | 50% | 75% | system |
35539 | 35564 | 35640 | T: picnic2l1fs |
62939 | 62968 | 63048 | T: picnic2l3fs |
87278 | 87544 | 95631 | T: picnic2l5fs |
139077 | 139311 | 140596 | crossrsdpg128fast |
139139 | 139413 | 141010 | crossrsdpg128balanced |
139422 | 139584 | 140270 | crossrsdpg128small |
232534 | 232740 | 234946 | crossrsdp128fast |
232605 | 232954 | 235528 | crossrsdp128balanced |
232610 | 232979 | 235094 | crossrsdp128small |
285120 | 285303 | 286929 | aimer128f |
285475 | 285504 | 287198 | aimer128s |
289050 | 289689 | 292112 | crossrsdpg192small |
289080 | 289721 | 292260 | crossrsdpg192balanced |
289857 | 290598 | 292716 | crossrsdpg192fast |
343374 | 343476 | 345216 | ed25519 |
488712 | 491336 | 494333 | crossrsdpg256fast |
488114 | 491368 | 495325 | crossrsdpg256balanced |
488627 | 492499 | 496338 | crossrsdpg256small |
526116 | 528878 | 530210 | crossrsdp192small |
525880 | 529458 | 530269 | crossrsdp192balanced |
527575 | 531159 | 532273 | crossrsdp192fast |
728142 | 729212 | 734924 | aimer192s |
728334 | 729656 | 735296 | aimer192f |
947536 | 948118 | 953956 | crossrsdp256small |
947822 | 948419 | 951660 | crossrsdp256fast |
947999 | 949135 | 962549 | crossrsdp256balanced |
1155255 | 1157633 | 1161978 | T!!!dilithium2 |
1214776 | 1221746 | 1234898 | nccsign1 |
1311858 | 1313115 | 1317802 | T: ed448goldilocks |
1551970 | 1557989 | 1565048 | nccsign3 |
1718119 | 1731785 | 1750839 | nccsign1aes |
1744223 | 1748888 | 1756593 | aimer256f |
1747213 | 1750449 | 1763971 | aimer256s |
1925574 | 1928551 | 1947650 | T!!!dilithium3 |
2088218 | 2094592 | 2109944 | T: pass769 |
2178251 | 2188972 | 2199752 | T!!!dilithium2aes |
2221280 | 2230370 | 2252021 | nccsign3aes |
2510152 | 2516483 | 2529909 | nccsign5 |
2591347 | 2605329 | 2622494 | T: pass863 |
2906668 | 2911919 | 2915951 | T: mqdss48 |
3046278 | 3050623 | 3072416 | T!!!dilithium5 |
3514304 | 3528205 | 3547392 | nccsign5aes |
3786538 | 3798186 | 3813087 | T!!!dilithium3aes |
2823506? | 4620421? | 9801620? | haetae2 |
6370058 | 6384592 | 6403466 | T!!!dilithium5aes |
5402554? | 6640878? | 6781740? | T: qtesla1 |
6703730 | 6711482 | 6735422 | T: mqdss64 |
4759705? | 7626230? | 17769794? | haetae3 |
7927794 | 8042349 | 8109456 | T: donald2048 |
5460132? | 8558818? | 14659026? | haetae5 |
7143190? | 10267167? | 13446074? | T: qtesla3f |
13110954 | 13133698 | 13176891 | T: sphincsf128sha256simple |
17028742? | 19108210? | 23333917? | T: qtesla1p |
19273314 | 19350787 | 19397722 | T: sphincsf192sha256simple |
19505482 | 19530043 | 19606930 | T: sphincsf128shake256simple |
12481470? | 20122644? | 27836654? | T: qtesla3s |
21633710 | 21667875 | 21748877 | T: sphincsf128harakasimple |
25102286 | 25117821 | 25177851 | T: sphincsf128sha256robust |
28602876 | 28649592 | 28699482 | T: sphincsf192shake256simple |
31359536 | 31452005 | 31523306 | T: 3icp |
31983973 | 32053103 | 32101581 | T: sphincsf192harakasimple |
32432377 | 32577862 | 32791153 | T: luov4849242 |
36259568 | 36310668 | 36386971 | T: sphincsf128shake256robust |
37453670 | 37518340 | 37574894 | T: sphincsf192sha256robust |
40759327 | 40823490 | 41049514 | T: sphincsf128harakarobust |
46309591 | 46422101 | 46553656 | T: luov863256 |
50567731 | 50619351 | 50681238 | T: sphincsf256sha256simple |
51208193 | 51398847 | 51536556 | T: rainbowbinary256181212 |
53883889 | 53932844 | 54071742 | T: sphincsf192shake256robust |
59911331 | 59964492 | 60135646 | T: sphincsf192harakarobust |
75683383 | 75767635 | 76053273 | T: sphincsf256shake256simple |
84188693 | 84282002 | 84620175 | T: sphincsf256harakasimple |
82224697 | 87698540 | 93387682 | T: falcon512dyn |
83570850 | 88299724 | 96383627 | T: falcon512tree |
78812059? | 89980940? | 114079141? | T: qtesla3p |
100934887 | 101244158 | 102896411 | T: tts6440 |
120410809 | 120789486 | 121075731 | T: luov6468330 |
134424113 | 134518111 | 134760490 | T: sphincsf256sha256robust |
141916679 | 142233652 | 142376947 | T: sphincsf256shake256robust |
159204381 | 159361882 | 159511843 | T: sphincsf256harakarobust |
184041070 | 184238739 | 184699168 | T: luov890351 |
212066913 | 212164205 | 212428970 | T: pflash1 |
218553935 | 218828948 | 219428846 | T: luov8086399 |
238546174 | 241829683 | 243426567 | T: rainbowbinary16242020 |
246736029 | 257045965 | 272718575 | T: falcon1024dyn |
250494171 | 259106871 | 280865709 | T: falcon1024tree |
259511734 | 260053768 | 263020791 | T: rainbow5640 |
334015682 | 334345954 | 335293282 | T: luov8117404 |
419584639 | 420240325 | 422790786 | T: sphincss128sha256simple |
561879889 | 565079890 | 572346063 | T: rainbow6440 |
613340034 | 613770912 | 616690315 | T: sphincss192sha256simple |
629641439 | 629964245 | 630783698 | T: sphincss128shake256simple |
689040037 | 689719580 | 690087828 | T: sphincss128harakasimple |
803208302 | 804867642 | 805674126 | T: sphincss128sha256robust |
814832975 | 824667016 | 825301036 | T: sphincss256sha256simple |
918194265 | 918409487 | 918949717 | T: sphincss192shake256simple |
1164079756 | 1164785834 | 1165412896 | T: sphincss128shake256robust |
1213393678 | 1214034404 | 1215077820 | T: sphincss256shake256simple |
1298306663 | 1298956578 | 1299582577 | T: sphincss128harakarobust |
1352704843 | 1353229511 | 1354347243 | T: sphincss256harakasimple |
1477632567 | 1478381580 | 1479027677 | T: redgemss128v2 |
2265389115 | 2265907723 | 2266650136 | T: sphincss256shake256robust |
3851853566 | 3854110571 | 3855689355 | T: bluegemss128v2 |
7842086508 | 7844027900 | 7851430066 | T: redgemss192v2 |
24120849380 | 24128152512 | 24138736041 | T: redgemss256v2 |
|
Cycles to sign 59 bytes |
25% | 50% | 75% | system |
68752 | 69888 | 70364 | T: rainbowbinary256181212 |
97923 | 98790 | 99907 | T: tts6440 |
146670 | 148001 | 151519 | T: rainbowbinary16242020 |
243606 | 245557 | 274350 | T: rainbow5640 |
354475 | 354590 | 355275 | ed25519 |
393911 | 395802 | 420227 | T: rainbow6440 |
1342790 | 1345027 | 1348988 | T: ed448goldilocks |
461420? | 1503513? | 2629221? | T: 3icp |
1706297 | 1719535 | 1730708 | T: falcon512tree |
2685002? | 2716285? | 5361817? | T: pass769 |
3260874 | 3273792 | 3284826 | T: falcon512dyn |
3529605 | 3545802 | 3569590 | T: falcon1024tree |
1945614? | 3855074? | 6152046? | T: pflash1 |
3905567? | 4832667? | 7291075? | nccsign1 |
4809415? | 4833037? | 9727290? | nccsign3 |
2759426? | 5378039? | 9240885? | T: qtesla1 |
3897410? | 5647311? | 7856583? | T!!!dilithium2 |
4519197? | 6364679? | 8680746? | nccsign1aes |
3322429? | 6615903? | 6677362? | T: pass863 |
3816023? | 6681407? | 11614879? | T: qtesla3f |
6723427 | 6731079 | 6750970 | crossrsdpg128fast |
6791019 | 6811255 | 6839038 | T: falcon1024dyn |
7540262 | 7554146 | 7584059 | crossrsdp128fast |
5082011? | 7580276? | 9476895? | T!!!dilithium2aes |
7945010 | 7998718 | 8072170 | T: donald2048 |
5649543? | 8578794? | 13194920? | nccsign3aes |
6725504? | 10125034? | 16314724? | T: qtesla1p |
6065425? | 10140850? | 15742832? | T!!!dilithium3 |
8122354? | 11157421? | 17767542? | T!!!dilithium3aes |
8319257? | 11699345? | 16181699? | T!!!dilithium5 |
8222636? | 11777396? | 16446675? | nccsign5 |
12732802 | 12752883 | 12806942 | aimer128f |
13573427 | 13586457 | 13610077 | crossrsdpg128balanced |
7320169? | 13870761? | 26932622? | haetae2 |
14066963 | 14074088 | 14099324 | crossrsdp128balanced |
9482350? | 14316661? | 18243279? | nccsign5aes |
15597571 | 15606062 | 15624685 | crossrsdpg192fast |
9475295? | 15613016? | 21634221? | T!!!dilithium5aes |
6049859? | 15921887? | 28297237? | T: qtesla3s |
17793553 | 17812316 | 17833251 | crossrsdp192fast |
20631808 | 20644962 | 20682417 | crossrsdpg192balanced |
11221367? | 21240486? | 45986337? | haetae3 |
22650514 | 22684052 | 22790411 | T: luov863256 |
27049730 | 27076378 | 27135368 | crossrsdpg128small |
27649144 | 27661346 | 27736572 | crossrsdpg256fast |
28359065 | 28374853 | 28455098 | crossrsdp128small |
30853203 | 30870720 | 30963293 | crossrsdp192balanced |
32974251 | 32996203 | 33093851 | crossrsdp256fast |
33224486 | 33361451 | 33433479 | aimer192f |
35390273 | 35414573 | 35470625 | crossrsdpg256balanced |
18648091? | 36078708? | 62319482? | T: qtesla3p |
19916769? | 38323733? | 50661317? | haetae5 |
39051288 | 39082074 | 39151812 | crossrsdpg192small |
46265532 | 46352309 | 46412747 | crossrsdp192small |
55627498 | 55683030 | 55771452 | crossrsdp256balanced |
63365167 | 63445469 | 63525158 | crossrsdpg256small |
72519175 | 72888330 | 73641893 | aimer256f |
78605469 | 78711909 | 79092974 | T: luov890351 |
89725408 | 89788759 | 89896114 | crossrsdp256small |
100846552 | 100975216 | 101355006 | aimer128s |
113012860 | 113384753 | 114286395 | T: luov4849242 |
140123249 | 140488720 | 140850729 | T: luov8117404 |
176989399 | 177307780 | 177961173 | T: mqdss48 |
258242116 | 260485624 | 261664204 | aimer192s |
413234998 | 414008884 | 416334398 | T: sphincsf128sha256simple |
447329810 | 457735166 | 464595286 | T: luov6468330 |
539928496 | 540598104 | 541431204 | T: sphincsf192sha256simple |
546153618 | 549163064 | 549730867 | T: mqdss64 |
556827804 | 557514475 | 653468197 | aimer256s |
618309113 | 618908341 | 619703127 | T: sphincsf128shake256simple |
754325741 | 754850101 | 755549840 | T: sphincsf128sha256robust |
783453444 | 784156697 | 785198173 | T: sphincsf192shake256simple |
806286147 | 806936894 | 807570790 | T: sphincsf128harakasimple |
896124569 | 896748048 | 897363932 | T: picnic2l1fs |
895302244 | 897295864 | 903795367 | T: luov8086399 |
939076766 | 939832272 | 940262655 | T: sphincsf192harakasimple |
1039790795 | 1040288189 | 1040948105 | T: sphincsf192sha256robust |
1096300434 | 1097109356 | 1098094894 | T: sphincsf128shake256robust |
807361437? | 1146953804? | 1341818953? | T: redgemss128v2 |
1229364609 | 1230026229 | 1230737299 | T: sphincsf256sha256simple |
1412414830 | 1413821347 | 1415108374 | T: sphincsf128harakarobust |
1442748404 | 1443744474 | 1444805178 | T: sphincsf192shake256robust |
1735676022 | 1736696903 | 1738300576 | T: sphincsf192harakarobust |
1738725221 | 1739558141 | 1740926986 | T: sphincsf256shake256simple |
2302015835 | 2303194226 | 2304273166 | T: sphincsf256harakasimple |
2520252711 | 2520898063 | 2522223033 | T: picnic2l3fs |
3137784778 | 3139374864 | 3141281465 | T: sphincsf256sha256robust |
3150627339 | 3152235541 | 3153733919 | T: sphincsf256shake256robust |
3299243880? | 3911572500? | 4649873000? | T: redgemss192v2 |
4146245461 | 4147288693 | 4148870574 | T: sphincsf256harakarobust |
5448807655 | 5449854541 | 5452725674 | T: picnic2l5fs |
6238903862 | 6243887692 | 6284988273 | T: sphincss128sha256simple |
7439058436? | 8885182452? | 11969750896? | T: redgemss256v2 |
9355639633 | 9357349379 | 9367377539 | T: sphincss128shake256simple |
10479269379 | 10488100845 | 10541581295 | T: sphincss256sha256simple |
11122823202 | 11127137255 | 11138149960 | T: sphincss128sha256robust |
12960190595 | 12962717669 | 12981089179 | T: sphincss128harakasimple |
14504147584 | 14507763890 | 14522788925 | T: sphincss256shake256simple |
14930942383 | 14937756942 | 14949160130 | T: sphincss192sha256simple |
16256340019 | 16258895245 | 16273738013 | T: sphincss128shake256robust |
19547589150 | 19557089860 | 19564578999 | T: sphincss192shake256simple |
20533833099 | 20541484703 | 20557786993 | T: sphincss256harakasimple |
17691280898? | 21244020290? | 24956338803? | T: bluegemss128v2 |
22110654972 | 22118968237 | 22143366908 | T: sphincss128harakarobust |
25846926540 | 25862398886 | 25885549119 | T: sphincss256shake256robust |
|
Cycles to verify 59 bytes |
25% | 50% | 75% | system |
68680 | 68971 | 69273 | T: rainbowbinary256181212 |
80225 | 80679 | 81154 | T: 3icp |
96454 | 97178 | 98187 | T: rainbow5640 |
111351 | 113205 | 115020 | T: rainbowbinary16242020 |
121965 | 123466 | 124101 | T: tts6440 |
123335 | 124437 | 126349 | T: rainbow6440 |
256702 | 260372 | 261206 | T: falcon512tree |
321720 | 325485 | 326279 | T: falcon512dyn |
519315 | 523217 | 526888 | T: falcon1024tree |
657436 | 659325 | 661769 | T: falcon1024dyn |
731766 | 746921 | 772609 | T: bluegemss128v2 |
787032 | 788539 | 796171 | T: qtesla1 |
790293 | 810625 | 824431 | T: redgemss128v2 |
843369 | 875285 | 912985 | T: pflash1 |
898963 | 900239 | 904471 | haetae2 |
1269515 | 1277227 | 1283080 | ed25519 |
1407976 | 1409591 | 1411634 | T!!!dilithium2 |
1544545 | 1547313 | 1550439 | haetae3 |
1627881 | 1630568 | 1635512 | T: qtesla3f |
1633632 | 1668408 | 1704102 | T: redgemss192v2 |
1801491 | 1803949 | 1809313 | T: qtesla3s |
1835960 | 1838125 | 1841680 | haetae5 |
2196445 | 2197271 | 2199931 | T!!!dilithium3 |
2244351 | 2249722 | 2260524 | nccsign1 |
2269511 | 2277454 | 2291088 | T!!!dilithium2aes |
2689292 | 2695888 | 2708605 | nccsign1aes |
2753700 | 2758752 | 2766799 | nccsign3 |
3003545 | 3095495 | 3153834 | T: redgemss256v2 |
3232666 | 3245642 | 3253979 | T: pass769 |
3341942 | 3353323 | 3363306 | nccsign3aes |
3453154 | 3454516 | 3462714 | T!!!dilithium5 |
3820226 | 3827340 | 3844777 | T!!!dilithium3aes |
3940512 | 3950072 | 3958259 | T: pass863 |
3983622 | 3988971 | 4003345 | crossrsdpg128fast |
4043339 | 4050450 | 4072277 | T: qtesla1p |
4412097 | 4415351 | 4437396 | crossrsdp128fast |
4707364 | 4717315 | 4722065 | nccsign5 |
4827719 | 4842385 | 4858085 | T: ed448goldilocks |
5599376 | 5614132 | 5626826 | nccsign5aes |
6478582 | 6491373 | 6516387 | T!!!dilithium5aes |
6906962 | 7038334 | 7216671 | T: sphincss128sha256simple |
7314778 | 7325394 | 7343726 | crossrsdpg128balanced |
8754412 | 8765139 | 8791228 | crossrsdp128balanced |
9308626 | 9315685 | 9331745 | crossrsdpg192fast |
9308265 | 9359952 | 9462999 | T: donald2048 |
10203616 | 10416054 | 10714325 | T: sphincss128shake256simple |
10479838 | 10493279 | 10514172 | crossrsdp192fast |
10760388 | 10956410 | 11081847 | T: sphincss192sha256simple |
11491754 | 11502693 | 11521355 | crossrsdpg192balanced |
11796679 | 11815277 | 11868457 | aimer128f |
13251223 | 13587013 | 13931197 | T: sphincss128harakasimple |
13691855 | 14027703 | 14257780 | T: sphincss128sha256robust |
14262602 | 14279884 | 14297977 | crossrsdpg128small |
14270275 | 14439351 | 14858319 | T: sphincss256sha256simple |
15022403 | 15350243 | 15589393 | T: sphincss192shake256simple |
16288854 | 16305631 | 16322164 | crossrsdpg256fast |
16967746 | 16993604 | 17041850 | T: qtesla3p |
16778964 | 17044438 | 17191017 | T: sphincsf128sha256simple |
17912941 | 17939653 | 18003421 | crossrsdp128small |
18722757 | 18739340 | 18798927 | crossrsdp192balanced |
18745328 | 18757477 | 18776479 | crossrsdpg256balanced |
18913510 | 18933694 | 18991593 | T: luov863256 |
19307874 | 19336127 | 19426323 | crossrsdp256fast |
19314203 | 19859822 | 20316140 | T: sphincss128shake256robust |
19725489 | 20024626 | 20364844 | T: sphincss256shake256simple |
20761474 | 20775199 | 20830195 | crossrsdpg192small |
24952596 | 25275530 | 25634605 | T: sphincsf128shake256simple |
24699746 | 25377180 | 26167952 | T: sphincss128harakarobust |
27599613 | 27823644 | 28284538 | T: sphincsf192sha256simple |
27618714 | 28021754 | 28470177 | T: sphincss256harakasimple |
28226398 | 28235138 | 28286852 | crossrsdp192small |
28104890 | 28367978 | 28714380 | T: sphincsf256sha256simple |
30921277 | 30966268 | 31086306 | aimer192f |
30974057 | 31001038 | 31093740 | crossrsdpg256small |
30614176 | 31077135 | 31429526 | T: sphincsf128harakasimple |
32312947 | 32341698 | 32425879 | crossrsdp256balanced |
33359857 | 33725345 | 34387715 | T: sphincsf128sha256robust |
37948807 | 38747141 | 39228638 | T: sphincss256shake256robust |
39725083 | 40051972 | 40411084 | T: sphincsf192shake256simple |
40044485 | 40691364 | 41214458 | T: sphincsf256shake256simple |
47282063 | 48127780 | 49021279 | T: sphincsf128shake256robust |
48025995 | 48575189 | 49202304 | T: sphincsf192harakasimple |
51012747 | 51371323 | 52179014 | T: sphincsf256harakasimple |
52068955 | 52125639 | 52220324 | crossrsdp256small |
55829247 | 56135962 | 56927690 | T: sphincsf192sha256robust |
58349231 | 59227115 | 60269345 | T: sphincsf128harakarobust |
67538076 | 67652700 | 67915278 | aimer256f |
68610494 | 68704378 | 69089502 | T: luov890351 |
73420184 | 74112874 | 75412745 | T: luov4849242 |
76481229 | 77485809 | 78128817 | T: sphincsf192shake256robust |
76759149 | 77822985 | 78591816 | T: sphincsf256shake256robust |
78979424 | 79706484 | 80755273 | T: sphincsf256sha256robust |
93709920 | 94156084 | 94933657 | T: sphincsf192harakarobust |
98408575 | 99173407 | 100222875 | T: sphincsf256harakarobust |
100096049 | 100294272 | 100572413 | aimer128s |
123022151 | 123203619 | 123642344 | T: luov8117404 |
129265866 | 131481858 | 133269784 | T: mqdss48 |
229095662 | 237735129 | 239314898 | T: luov6468330 |
256808620 | 258683219 | 258896484 | aimer192s |
402465204 | 407438535 | 411983247 | T: mqdss64 |
419901978 | 421368776 | 423109993 | T: luov8086399 |
430585892 | 431519725 | 432004239 | T: picnic2l1fs |
553651527? | 554350820? | 885653895? | aimer256s |
958727029 | 959399826 | 960642917 | T: picnic2l3fs |
1691229930 | 1692703000 | 1693959963 | T: picnic2l5fs |
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