Test results for amd64, trident, crypto_aead/deoxysi128v141

[Page version: 20241027 17:25:10]

Measurements for amd64, trident, crypto_aead Test results for amd64, trident, crypto_aead Test results for crypto_aead/deoxysi128v141

Computer: trident
Microarchitecture: amd64; Core 2 65nm (6fb)
Architecture: amd64
CPU ID: GenuineIntel-000006fb-bfebfbff
SUPERCOP version: 20241022
Operation: crypto_aead
Primitive: deoxysi128v141

Time	Object size	Test size	Implementation	Compiler	Benchmark date	SUPERCOP version
105047	100838 0 547	115888 812 1592	`T:bitslice`	`clang -march=native -O3 -fwrapv -Qunused-arguments -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall`	20240701	20240625
105111	100822 0 547	114784 812 1592	`T:bitslice`	`clang -march=native -O2 -fwrapv -Qunused-arguments -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall`	20240701	20240625
118874	98993 0 547	110974 804 1592	`T:bitslice`	`clang -march=native -Os -fwrapv -Qunused-arguments -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall`	20240701	20240625
121404	120542 0 592	136000 780 1688	`T:bitslice`	`gcc -march=native -mtune=native -O3 -fwrapv -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall`	20240701	20240625
122646	98567 0 547	111518 804 1592	`T:bitslice`	`clang -march=native -O -fwrapv -Qunused-arguments -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall`	20240701	20240625
128411	100643 0 592	115176 780 1688	`T:bitslice`	`gcc -march=native -mtune=native -O2 -fwrapv -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall`	20240701	20240625
131950	89718 0 592	102555 756 1656	`T:bitslice`	`gcc -march=native -mtune=native -Os -fwrapv -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall`	20240701	20240625
136381	159664 0 592	173832 780 1688	`T:bitslice`	`gcc -march=native -mtune=native -O -fwrapv -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall`	20240701	20240625
175263	32841 0 592	45739 756 1656	`T:table`	`gcc -march=native -mtune=native -Os -fwrapv -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall`	20240701	20240625
182096	35493 0 592	50024 780 1688	`T:table`	`gcc -march=native -mtune=native -O2 -fwrapv -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall`	20240701	20240625
184999	37382 0 592	52848 780 1688	`T:table`	`gcc -march=native -mtune=native -O3 -fwrapv -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall`	20240701	20240625
185107	34321 0 592	48520 780 1688	`T:table`	`gcc -march=native -mtune=native -O -fwrapv -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall`	20240701	20240625
189588	34154 0 547	47518 804 1592	`T:table`	`clang -march=native -Os -fwrapv -Qunused-arguments -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall`	20240701	20240625
192533	34996 0 547	51440 812 1592	`T:table`	`clang -march=native -O3 -fwrapv -Qunused-arguments -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall`	20240701	20240625
193234	35004 0 547	51312 812 1592	`T:table`	`clang -mcpu=native -O3 -fwrapv -Qunused-arguments -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall`	20240701	20240625
193580	34963 0 547	50320 812 1592	`T:table`	`clang -march=native -O2 -fwrapv -Qunused-arguments -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall`	20240701	20240625
215520	33621 0 547	47606 804 1592	`T:table`	`clang -march=native -O -fwrapv -Qunused-arguments -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall`	20240701	20240625
768466	24608 0 0	39984 812 1016	`T:ref`	`clang -march=native -O2 -fwrapv -Qunused-arguments -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall`	20240701	20240625
1066130	26664 0 0	43008 812 1016	`T:ref`	`clang -mcpu=native -O3 -fwrapv -Qunused-arguments -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall`	20240701	20240625
1093572	26577 0 0	43056 812 1016	`T:ref`	`clang -march=native -O3 -fwrapv -Qunused-arguments -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall`	20240701	20240625
1308752	29402 0 0	44872 780 1080	`T:ref`	`gcc -march=native -mtune=native -O3 -fwrapv -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall`	20240701	20240625
1775169	25413 0 0	39952 780 1080	`T:ref`	`gcc -march=native -mtune=native -O2 -fwrapv -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall`	20240701	20240625
2557635	24071 0 0	37454 804 1016	`T:ref`	`clang -march=native -Os -fwrapv -Qunused-arguments -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall`	20240701	20240625
2693212	22428 0 0	35315 756 1048	`T:ref`	`gcc -march=native -mtune=native -Os -fwrapv -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall`	20240701	20240625
2944565	23237 0 0	37230 804 1016	`T:ref`	`clang -march=native -O -fwrapv -Qunused-arguments -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall`	20240701	20240625
3092168	23816 0 0	38016 780 1080	`T:ref`	`gcc -march=native -mtune=native -O -fwrapv -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall`	20240701	20240625

Compiler output

deoxys.c: deoxys.c:143:15: error: always_inline function '_mm_aesenc_si128' requires target feature 'aes', but would be inlined into function 'deoxys_aead_encrypt' that is compiled without support for 'aes'
deoxys.c:               PROCESS_8_ASS_DATA_BLOCKS( States, ass_data + 16 * i , Auth );
deoxys.c:               ^
deoxys.c: ./ae.macros:31:11: note: expanded from macro 'PROCESS_8_ASS_DATA_BLOCKS'
deoxys.c:           AES8        ( States, subkeys, tTweak );          \
deoxys.c:           ^
deoxys.c: ./tweakable-cipher.macros:176:3: note: expanded from macro 'AES8'
deoxys.c:   ONE_ROUND( states , subkeys[ 1] , RT[ 1] ,  1 );\
deoxys.c:   ^
deoxys.c: ./tweakable-cipher.macros:141:8: note: expanded from macro 'ONE_ROUND'
deoxys.c: s[0] = enc( s[0] , tmp );\
deoxys.c:        ^
deoxys.c: ./tweakable-cipher.macros:1:18: note: expanded from macro 'enc'
deoxys.c: #define enc(a,b) _mm_aesenc_si128(a,b)
deoxys.c:                  ^
deoxys.c: deoxys.c:143:15: error: always_inline function '_mm_aesenc_si128' requires target feature 'aes', but would be inlined into function 'deoxys_aead_encrypt' that is compiled without support for 'aes'
deoxys.c: ./ae.macros:31:11: note: expanded from macro 'PROCESS_8_ASS_DATA_BLOCKS'
deoxys.c:           AES8        ( States, subkeys, tTweak );          \
deoxys.c:           ^
deoxys.c: ./tweakable-cipher.macros:176:3: note: expanded from macro 'AES8'
deoxys.c:   ONE_ROUND( states , subkeys[ 1] , RT[ 1] ,  1 );\
deoxys.c:   ^
deoxys.c: ./tweakable-cipher.macros:142:8: note: expanded from macro 'ONE_ROUND'
deoxys.c: s[1] = enc( s[1] , xor(tmp, tw_c[Round][1] ) );\
deoxys.c:        ^
deoxys.c: ...

Number of similar (implementation,compiler) pairs: 4, namely:

Implementation	Compiler
`T:aesni`	`clang -march=native -O2 -fwrapv -Qunused-arguments -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall (Debian_Clang_11.0.1)`
`T:aesni`	`clang -march=native -O3 -fwrapv -Qunused-arguments -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall (Debian_Clang_11.0.1)`
`T:aesni`	`clang -march=native -O -fwrapv -Qunused-arguments -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall (Debian_Clang_11.0.1)`
`T:aesni`	`clang -march=native -Os -fwrapv -Qunused-arguments -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall (Debian_Clang_11.0.1)`

Compiler output

deoxys.c: deoxys.c:98:13: error: always_inline function '_mm_shuffle_epi8' requires target feature 'ssse3', but would be inlined into function 'deoxys_aead_encrypt' that is compiled without support for 'ssse3'
deoxys.c:       tmp = permute( tmp, H_PERMUTATION );
deoxys.c:             ^
deoxys.c: ./tweakable-cipher.macros:7:22: note: expanded from macro 'permute'
deoxys.c: #define permute(a,b) _mm_shuffle_epi8(a,b)
deoxys.c:                      ^
deoxys.c: deoxys.c:105:5: error: always_inline function '_mm_shuffle_epi8' requires target feature 'ssse3', but would be inlined into function 'deoxys_aead_encrypt' that is compiled without support for 'ssse3'
deoxys.c:     TWEAKEY_SCHEDULE2( tsubkeys,subkeys, key);
deoxys.c:     ^
deoxys.c: ./tweakable-cipher.macros:39:3: note: expanded from macro 'TWEAKEY_SCHEDULE2'
deoxys.c:   ONE_KEY_ROUND( subkeys[ 0], subkeys[ 1] );    ts[ 1] = xor( subkeys[ 1], RCONS[ 1] ); \
deoxys.c:   ^
deoxys.c: ./tweakable-cipher.macros:35:13: note: expanded from macro 'ONE_KEY_ROUND'
deoxys.c:   new_key = permute( new_key, H_PERMUTATION);
deoxys.c:             ^
deoxys.c: ./tweakable-cipher.macros:7:22: note: expanded from macro 'permute'
deoxys.c: #define permute(a,b) _mm_shuffle_epi8(a,b)
deoxys.c:                      ^
deoxys.c: deoxys.c:105:5: error: always_inline function '_mm_shuffle_epi8' requires target feature 'ssse3', but would be inlined into function 'deoxys_aead_encrypt' that is compiled without support for 'ssse3'
deoxys.c: ./tweakable-cipher.macros:40:3: note: expanded from macro 'TWEAKEY_SCHEDULE2'
deoxys.c:   ONE_KEY_ROUND( subkeys[ 1], subkeys[ 2] );    ts[ 2] = xor( subkeys[ 2], RCONS[ 2] ); \
deoxys.c:   ^
deoxys.c: ./tweakable-cipher.macros:35:13: note: expanded from macro 'ONE_KEY_ROUND'
deoxys.c:   new_key = permute( new_key, H_PERMUTATION);
deoxys.c:             ^
deoxys.c: ...

Number of similar (implementation,compiler) pairs: 1, namely:

Implementation	Compiler
`T:aesni`	`clang -mcpu=native -O3 -fwrapv -Qunused-arguments -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall (Debian_Clang_11.0.1)`

Compiler output

deoxys.c: In file included from deoxys.c:28:
deoxys.c: deoxys.c: In function 'deoxys_aead_encrypt':
deoxys.c: /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/10/include/wmmintrin.h:61:1: error: inlining failed in call to 'always_inline' '_mm_aesenc_si128': target specific option mismatch
deoxys.c:    61 | _mm_aesenc_si128 (__m128i __X, __m128i __Y)
deoxys.c:       | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
deoxys.c: In file included from deoxys.c:30:
deoxys.c: tweakable-cipher.macros:1:18: note: called from here
deoxys.c:     1 | #define enc(a,b) _mm_aesenc_si128(a,b)
deoxys.c:       |                  ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
deoxys.c: tweakable-cipher.macros:148:8: note: in expansion of macro 'enc'
deoxys.c:   148 | s[7] = enc( s[7] , xor(tmp, tw_c[Round][7] ) );\
deoxys.c:       |        ^~~
deoxys.c: tweakable-cipher.macros:189:3: note: in expansion of macro 'ONE_ROUND'
deoxys.c:   189 |   ONE_ROUND( states , subkeys[14] , RT[ 6] , 14 );\
deoxys.c:       |   ^~~~~~~~~
deoxys.c: ae.macros:31:11: note: in expansion of macro 'AES8'
deoxys.c:    31 |           AES8        ( States, subkeys, tTweak );     \
deoxys.c:       |           ^~~~
deoxys.c: deoxys.c:143:15: note: in expansion of macro 'PROCESS_8_ASS_DATA_BLOCKS'
deoxys.c:   143 |               PROCESS_8_ASS_DATA_BLOCKS( States, ass_data + 16 * i , Auth );
deoxys.c:       |               ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
deoxys.c: In file included from deoxys.c:28:
deoxys.c: /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/10/include/wmmintrin.h:61:1: error: inlining failed in call to 'always_inline' '_mm_aesenc_si128': target specific option mismatch
deoxys.c:    61 | _mm_aesenc_si128 (__m128i __X, __m128i __Y)
deoxys.c:       | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
deoxys.c: ...

Number of similar (implementation,compiler) pairs: 4, namely:

Implementation	Compiler
`T:aesni`	`gcc -march=native -mtune=native -O2 -fwrapv -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall (10.2.1_20210110)`
`T:aesni`	`gcc -march=native -mtune=native -O3 -fwrapv -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall (10.2.1_20210110)`
`T:aesni`	`gcc -march=native -mtune=native -O -fwrapv -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall (10.2.1_20210110)`
`T:aesni`	`gcc -march=native -mtune=native -Os -fwrapv -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall (10.2.1_20210110)`

Compiler output

deoxys.c: deoxys.c:346:20: warning: variable 'Checksum' is uninitialized when used here [-Wuninitialized]
deoxys.c:     Checksum = xor(Checksum, Checksum);
deoxys.c:                    ^~~~~~~~
deoxys.c: ./tweakable-cipher.macros:5:32: note: expanded from macro 'xor'
deoxys.c: #define xor(a,b) _mm_xor_si128(a,b)
deoxys.c:                                ^
deoxys.c: deoxys.c:72:5: note: variable 'Checksum' is declared here
deoxys.c:     __m128i Checksum;
deoxys.c:     ^
deoxys.c: deoxys.c:90:16: warning: variable 'Auth' is uninitialized when used here [-Wuninitialized]
deoxys.c:     Auth = xor(Auth, Auth);
deoxys.c:                ^~~~
deoxys.c: ./tweakable-cipher.macros:5:32: note: expanded from macro 'xor'
deoxys.c: #define xor(a,b) _mm_xor_si128(a,b)
deoxys.c:                                ^
deoxys.c: deoxys.c:71:5: note: variable 'Auth' is declared here
deoxys.c:     __m128i Auth;
deoxys.c:     ^
deoxys.c: deoxys.c:91:17: warning: variable 'Tweak' is uninitialized when used here [-Wuninitialized]
deoxys.c:     Tweak = xor(Tweak, Tweak);
deoxys.c:                 ^~~~~
deoxys.c: ./tweakable-cipher.macros:5:32: note: expanded from macro 'xor'
deoxys.c: #define xor(a,b) _mm_xor_si128(a,b)
deoxys.c:                                ^
deoxys.c: deoxys.c:69:5: note: variable 'Tweak' is declared here
deoxys.c: ...

Number of similar (implementation,compiler) pairs: 5, namely:

Implementation	Compiler
`T:aesnis`	`clang -march=native -O2 -fwrapv -Qunused-arguments -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall (Debian_Clang_11.0.1)`
`T:aesnis`	`clang -march=native -O3 -fwrapv -Qunused-arguments -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall (Debian_Clang_11.0.1)`
`T:aesnis`	`clang -march=native -O -fwrapv -Qunused-arguments -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall (Debian_Clang_11.0.1)`
`T:aesnis`	`clang -march=native -Os -fwrapv -Qunused-arguments -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall (Debian_Clang_11.0.1)`
`T:aesnis`	`clang -mcpu=native -O3 -fwrapv -Qunused-arguments -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall (Debian_Clang_11.0.1)`

Compiler output

deoxys.c: In file included from deoxys.c:30:
deoxys.c: deoxys.c: In function 'deoxys_aead_encrypt':
deoxys.c: tweakable-cipher.macros:5:18: warning: 'Auth' is used uninitialized in this function [-Wuninitialized]
deoxys.c:     5 | #define xor(a,b) _mm_xor_si128(a,b)
deoxys.c:       |                  ^~~~~~~~~~~~~
deoxys.c: deoxys.c:71:13: note: 'Auth' was declared here
deoxys.c:    71 |     __m128i Auth;
deoxys.c:       |             ^~~~
deoxys.c: In file included from deoxys.c:30:
deoxys.c: tweakable-cipher.macros:5:18: warning: 'Tweak' is used uninitialized in this function [-Wuninitialized]
deoxys.c:     5 | #define xor(a,b) _mm_xor_si128(a,b)
deoxys.c:       |                  ^~~~~~~~~~~~~
deoxys.c: deoxys.c:69:13: note: 'Tweak' was declared here
deoxys.c:    69 |     __m128i Tweak;
deoxys.c:       |             ^~~~~
deoxys.c: In file included from deoxys.c:30:
deoxys.c: tweakable-cipher.macros:5:18: warning: 'Checksum' is used uninitialized in this function [-Wuninitialized]
deoxys.c:     5 | #define xor(a,b) _mm_xor_si128(a,b)
deoxys.c:       |                  ^~~~~~~~~~~~~
deoxys.c: deoxys.c:72:13: note: 'Checksum' was declared here
deoxys.c:    72 |     __m128i Checksum;
deoxys.c:       |             ^~~~~~~~
deoxys.c: In file included from deoxys.c:30:
deoxys.c: deoxys.c: In function 'deoxys_aead_decrypt':
deoxys.c: tweakable-cipher.macros:5:18: warning: 'Auth' is used uninitialized in this function [-Wuninitialized]
deoxys.c: ...

Number of similar (implementation,compiler) pairs: 4, namely:

Implementation	Compiler
`T:aesnis`	`gcc -march=native -mtune=native -O2 -fwrapv -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall (10.2.1_20210110)`
`T:aesnis`	`gcc -march=native -mtune=native -O3 -fwrapv -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall (10.2.1_20210110)`
`T:aesnis`	`gcc -march=native -mtune=native -O -fwrapv -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall (10.2.1_20210110)`
`T:aesnis`	`gcc -march=native -mtune=native -Os -fwrapv -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall (10.2.1_20210110)`

Compiler output

deoxys_8.c: deoxys_8.c:248:18: warning: variable 'CHECKSUM' is uninitialized when used here [-Wuninitialized]
deoxys_8.c:     CHECKSUM=XOR(CHECKSUM,CHECKSUM);
deoxys_8.c:                  ^~~~~~~~
deoxys_8.c: ./deoxys.macros:38:39: note: expanded from macro 'XOR'
deoxys_8.c: #define XOR(a,b)        _mm_xor_si128(a,b)
deoxys_8.c:                                       ^
deoxys_8.c: deoxys_8.c:159:5: note: variable 'CHECKSUM' is declared here
deoxys_8.c:     __m128i CHECKSUM;
deoxys_8.c:     ^
deoxys_8.c: deoxys_8.c:174:14: warning: variable 'AUTH' is uninitialized when used here [-Wuninitialized]
deoxys_8.c:     AUTH=XOR(AUTH,AUTH);
deoxys_8.c:              ^~~~
deoxys_8.c: ./deoxys.macros:38:39: note: expanded from macro 'XOR'
deoxys_8.c: #define XOR(a,b)        _mm_xor_si128(a,b)
deoxys_8.c:                                       ^
deoxys_8.c: deoxys_8.c:158:5: note: variable 'AUTH' is declared here
deoxys_8.c:     __m128i AUTH;
deoxys_8.c:     ^
deoxys_8.c: deoxys_8.c:460:18: warning: variable 'CHECKSUM' is uninitialized when used here [-Wuninitialized]
deoxys_8.c:     CHECKSUM=XOR(CHECKSUM,CHECKSUM);
deoxys_8.c:                  ^~~~~~~~
deoxys_8.c: ./deoxys.macros:38:39: note: expanded from macro 'XOR'
deoxys_8.c: #define XOR(a,b)        _mm_xor_si128(a,b)
deoxys_8.c:                                       ^
deoxys_8.c: deoxys_8.c:366:5: note: variable 'CHECKSUM' is declared here
deoxys_8.c: ...

Number of similar (implementation,compiler) pairs: 4, namely:

Implementation	Compiler
`T:bitslice`	`clang -march=native -O2 -fwrapv -Qunused-arguments -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall (Debian_Clang_11.0.1)`
`T:bitslice`	`clang -march=native -O3 -fwrapv -Qunused-arguments -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall (Debian_Clang_11.0.1)`
`T:bitslice`	`clang -march=native -O -fwrapv -Qunused-arguments -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall (Debian_Clang_11.0.1)`
`T:bitslice`	`clang -march=native -Os -fwrapv -Qunused-arguments -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall (Debian_Clang_11.0.1)`

Compiler output

deoxys_8.c: deoxys_8.c:248:18: warning: variable 'CHECKSUM' is uninitialized when used here [-Wuninitialized]
deoxys_8.c:     CHECKSUM=XOR(CHECKSUM,CHECKSUM);
deoxys_8.c:                  ^~~~~~~~
deoxys_8.c: ./deoxys.macros:38:39: note: expanded from macro 'XOR'
deoxys_8.c: #define XOR(a,b)        _mm_xor_si128(a,b)
deoxys_8.c:                                       ^
deoxys_8.c: deoxys_8.c:159:5: note: variable 'CHECKSUM' is declared here
deoxys_8.c:     __m128i CHECKSUM;
deoxys_8.c:     ^
deoxys_8.c: deoxys_8.c:174:14: warning: variable 'AUTH' is uninitialized when used here [-Wuninitialized]
deoxys_8.c:     AUTH=XOR(AUTH,AUTH);
deoxys_8.c:              ^~~~
deoxys_8.c: ./deoxys.macros:38:39: note: expanded from macro 'XOR'
deoxys_8.c: #define XOR(a,b)        _mm_xor_si128(a,b)
deoxys_8.c:                                       ^
deoxys_8.c: deoxys_8.c:158:5: note: variable 'AUTH' is declared here
deoxys_8.c:     __m128i AUTH;
deoxys_8.c:     ^
deoxys_8.c: deoxys_8.c:178:5: error: always_inline function '_mm_shuffle_epi8' requires target feature 'ssse3', but would be inlined into function 'deoxys_aead_encrypt_8' that is compiled without support for 'ssse3'
deoxys_8.c:     KEY_SCHEDULE(key, subkey);
deoxys_8.c:     ^
deoxys_8.c: ./deoxys.macros:76:5: note: expanded from macro 'KEY_SCHEDULE'
deoxys_8.c:     packing(subkey[0]);\
deoxys_8.c:     ^
deoxys_8.c: ./deoxys.macros:401:14: note: expanded from macro 'packing'
deoxys_8.c: ...

Number of similar (implementation,compiler) pairs: 1, namely:

Implementation	Compiler
`T:bitslice`	`clang -mcpu=native -O3 -fwrapv -Qunused-arguments -fPIC -fPIE -gdwarf-4 -Wall (Debian_Clang_11.0.1)`